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rigidity of classical physics 28 gravitational lensing edit most astrophysical modeling of gravitational lens systems makes use of the quasi newtonian approximation with peter schneider ehlers embarked on an in depth study of the foundations of gravitational lensing one result of this work was a 1992 monograph co authored with schneider and emilio falco it was the first systematic exposition of the topic that included both the theoretical foundations and the observational results from the viewpoint of astronomy gravitational lensing is often described using a quasi newtonian approximation assuming the gravitational field to be small and the deflection angles to be minute which is perfectly sufficient for most situations of astrophysical relevance in contrast the monograph developed a thorough and complete description of gravitational lensing from a fully relativistic space time perspective this feature of the book played a major part in its long term positive reception 29 in the following years ehlers continued his research on the propagation of bundles of light in arbitrary spacetimes 30 frame theory and newtonian gravity edit a basic derivation of the newtonian limit of general relativity is as old as the theory itself einstein used it to derive predictions such as the anomalous perihelion precession of the planet mercury later work by élie cartan kurt friedrichs and others showed more concretely how a geometrical generalization of newton s theory of gravity known as newton cartan theory could be understood as a degenerate limit of general relativity this required letting a specific parameter λ displaystyle lambda go to zero ehlers extended this work by developing a frame theory that allowed for constructing the newton cartan limit and in a mathematically precise way not only for the physical laws but for any spacetime obeying those laws that is solutions of einstein s equations this allowed physicists to explore what the newtonian limit meant in specific physical situations for example the frame theory can be used to show that the newtonian limit of a schwarzschild black hole is a simple point particle also it allows newtonian versions of exact solutions such as the friedmann lemaître models or the gödel universe to be constructed 31 since its inception ideas ehlers introduced in the context of his frame theory have found important applications in the study of both the newtonian limit of general relativity and of the post newtonian expansion where newtonian gravity is complemented by terms of ever higher order in 1 c 2 displaystyle 1 c 2 in order to accommodate relativistic effects 32 general relativity is non linear the gravitational influence of two masses is not simply the sum of those masses individual gravitational influences as had been the case in newtonian gravity ehlers participated in the discussion of how the back reaction from gravitational radiation onto a radiating system could be systematically described in a non linear theory such as general relativity pointing out that the standard quadrupole formula for the energy flux for systems like the binary pulsar had not yet been rigorously derived a priori a derivation demanded the inclusion of higher order terms than was commonly assumed higher than were computed until then 33 his work on the newtonian limit particularly in relation to cosmological solutions led ehlers together with his former doctoral student thomas buchert to a systematic study of perturbations and inhomogeneities in a newtonian cosmos this laid the groundwork for buchert s later generalization of this treatment of inhomogeneities this generalization was the basis of his attempt to explain what is currently seen as the cosmic effects of a cosmological constant or in modern parlance dark energy as a non linear consequence of inhomogeneities in general relativistic cosmology 34 history and philosophy of physics edit complementing his interest in the foundations of general relativity and more generally of physics ehlers researched the history of physics up until his death he collaborated in a project on the history of quantum theory at the max planck institute for the history of science in berlin 35 in particular he explored pascual jordan s seminal contributions to the development of quantum field theory between 1925 and 1928 36 throughout his career ehlers had an interest in the philosophical foundations and implications of physics and contributed to research on this topic by addressing questions such as the basic status of scientific knowledge in physics 37 science popularization edit ehlers showed a keen interest in reaching a general audience he was a frequent public lecturer at universities as well as at venues such as the urania in berlin he authored popular science articles including contributions to general audience journals such as bild der wissenschaft he edited a compilation of articles on gravity for the german edition of scientific american 38 ehlers directly addressed physics teachers in talks and journal articles on the teaching of relativity and related basic ideas such as mathematics as the language of physics 39 honours and awards edit ehlers became a member of the berlin brandenburg academy of sciences and humanities 1993 the akademie der wissenschaften und der literatur mainz 1972 the leopoldina in halle 1975 and the bavarian academy of sciences and humanities in munich 1979 40 from 1995 to 1998 he served as president of the international society on general relativity and gravitation 41 he also received the 2002 max planck medal of the german physical society the volta gold medal of pavia university 2005 and the medal of the faculty of natural sciences of charles university prague 2007 42 in 2008 the international society on general relativity and gravitation instituted the jürgen ehlers thesis prize in commemoration of ehlers it is sponsored by the scientific publishing house springer and is awarded triennially at the society s international conference to the best doctoral thesis in the areas of mathematical and numerical general relativity 43 issue 9 of volume 41 of the journal general relativity and gravitation was dedicated to ehlers in memoriam 44 selected publications edit börner g ehlers j eds 1996 gravitation spektrum akademischer verlag isbn 3 86025 362 x ehlers jürgen 1973 survey of general relativity theory in israel werner ed relativity astrophysics and cosmology d reidel pp 1 125 isbn 90 277 0369 8 schneider p ehlers j falco e e 1992 gravitational lenses springer isbn 3 540 66506 4 notes edit arimondo e ertmer w schleich w rasel e m 2009 atom optics and space physics proceedings of the international school of physics enrico fermi course clxviii varenna on lake como villa monastero 3 13 july 2007 international school of physics enrico fermi ios press p 9 isbn 978 1 58603 990 5 retrieved 28 december 2022 the dissertation is ehlers 1957 cf ellis 2009 schücking engelbert 2006 jürgen ehlers in schmidt bernd g ed einstein s field equations and their physical implications springer pp v vi isbn 3 540 67073 4 as described in ellis krasiński 2007 and sachs 2009 ellis 2009 huisken nicolai schutz 2009 cf the english version online as huisken nicolai schutz 2008 and the associated cv lebenslauf von prof dr jürgen ehlers pdf max planck institute for gravitational physics 27 may 2008 archived from the original pdf on 19 may 2009 retrieved 27 may 2008 in german english translation of title cv for prof dr jürgen ehlers dates and positions also summarized in weber borissoff 1998 henning kazemi 2011 p 472 henning kazemi 2011 p 634 as described in breuer 2008 breuer 2008 henning kazemi 2011 p 676 henning kazemi 2011 p 737 see p 520 in the max planck society s annual report for 2000 jahrbuch 2000 max planck gesellschaft 2000 time as emeritus and death cf braun 2008 huisken nicolai schutz 2009 english version online as huisken nicolai schutz 2008 schücking 2000 b schmidt preface to schmidt 2000 ellis 2009 p 2180 a later version of this paper is ehlers kundt 1962 for an assessment see j bicak p 14f in schmidt 2000 ehlers sachs theorem see sec 5 3 in frolov novikov 1998 an assessment of the work and its connection with kerr solution is given by j bicak on p 14f of schmidt 2000 the original work with sachs is jordan ehlers sachs 1961 the english translation by g f r ellis is ehlers 1993 the quotation can be found on p 1225 in the editor s comments section the changing views of what eventually be regarded as black holes can be found in israel 1987 ehlers thesis is ehlers 1957 olive 1996 cf dieter maison s contribution duality and hidden symmetries in gravitational theories pp 273 323 in schmidt 2000 maison op cit geroch 1971 and for various applications mars 2001 hawking ellis 1973 p 351ff the original work is ehlers geren sachs 1968 e g liddle 2003 p 2 see ehlers pirani schild 1972 a summary can be found in ehlers 1973 see köhler schattner 1979 the original publication is ehlers rudolph 1977 a review of the book itself is bleyer 1993 the long term impact can be judged by the way it is held up as a reference in the reviews of later books on the same topic e g perlick 2005 and bozza 2005 see also the assessment of trümper 2009 p 154 seitz schneider ehlers 1994 cf section 3 5 of annual report 1994 max planck institute for astrophysics 1995 archived from the original on 19 may 2009 ehlers 1997 a description can be found on p 216f in luc blanchet s contribution post newtonian gravitational radiation pp 225 271 in schmidt 2000 oliynyk schmidt 2009 a description that includes the historical context can be found in schutz 1996 the original work is ehlers et al 1976 see buchert ehlers 1993 buchert ehlers 1997a and buchert ehlers 1997b the current status of buchert s further work is summarized in buchert 2008 cf braun 2008 details about the project can be found on its website ehlers 2007 see ehlers 2006a and breuer springer 2001 as well as its later english translation breuer springer 2009 as well as ehlers 2005 public lectures biennial report 2004 2005 pdf max planck institute for gravitational physics 2006 archived from the original pdf on 11 june 2007 lists 25 popular talks p 158f for that time frame alone the compilation of articles is börner ehlers 1996 listed under selected publications an example for a popular article is ehlers fahr 1994 biennial report 2004 2005 pdf max planck institute for gravitational physics 2006 archived from the original pdf on 11 june 2007 lists 11 talks to teachers or in an interdisciplinary setting p 147f p 154f mathematics and physics ehlers 2006b berlin huisken nicolai schutz 2009 initial membership date in brief note on p 35 of the same publication mainz p 13 of lütjen drecoll 2008 leopoldina listed as member on mitgliederverzeichnis deutsche akademie der naturforscher leopoldina retrieved 28 may 2012 in german english translation of title members list bavarian academy trümper 2009 grg society history international society on general relativity and gravitation retrieved 28 may 2013 max planck medal press release about the 2002 awards physikalische spitzenleistung deutsche physikalische gesellschaft 17 december 2001 archived from the original on 13 february 2007 retrieved 27 may 2008 in german english translation of title top achievement in physics and rogalla 2001 volta medal namen prof dr jürgen ehlers berliner zeitung 18 may 2005 retrieved 27 may 2008 in german and medaille für golmer forscher märkische allgemeine zeitung 19 may 2005 in german english translation of title medal for researcher from golm charles university medal trümper 2009 p 154 the jürgen ehlers thesis prize website of the international society on general relativity and gravitation retrieved 28 may 2013 nicolai ellis schmidt 2009 references edit bleyer u 1993 book review gravitational lenses astronomische nachrichten 314 4 314 315 bibcode 1993an 314 314s doi 10 1002 asna 2113140412 bozza valerio 2005 book review silvia mollerach esteban roulet gravitational lensing and microlensing general relativity and gravitation 37 7 1335 1336 bibcode 2005gregr 37 1335b doi 10 1007 s10714 005 0117 9 s2cid 120764050 braun rüdiger 27 may 2008 wo zeit und raum aufhören der mitbegründer des golmer max planck instituts für gravitationsphysik jürgen ehlers ist unerwartet verstorben märkische allgemeine zeitung retrieved 28 may 2013 in german english translation of title where time and space end the co founder of the max planck institute for gravitational physics jürgen ehlers has died unexpectedly breuer reinhard springer michael 2001 die wahrheit in der wissenschaft spektrum der wissenschaft 7 70 in german breuer reinhard springer michael 2009 the truth in science general relativity and gravitation 41 9 2159 2167 bibcode 2009gregr 41 2159b doi 10 1007 s10714 009 0844 4 s2cid 123226152 breuer reinhard 26 may 2008 jürgen ehlers und die relativitätstheorie spektrum der wissenschaft verlagsgesellschaft mbh archived from the original on 28 september 2008 in german english translation of title jürgen ehlers and the theory of relativity buchert thomas 2008 dark energy from structure a status report general relativity and gravitation 40 2 3 467 527 arxiv 0707 2153 bibcode 2008gregr 40 467b doi 10 1007 s10714 007 0554 8 s2cid 17281664 buchert thomas ehlers jürgen 1993 lagrangian theory of gravitational instability of friedmann lemaître cosmologies second order approach an improved model for nonlinear clustering mon not r astron soc 264 2 375 387 bibcode 1993mnras 264 375b doi 10 1093 mnras 264 2 375 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0013 5c2d a buchert thomas ehlers jürgen 1997a averaging inhomogeneous newtonian cosmologies astron astrophys 320 1 7 arxiv astro ph 9510056 bibcode 1997a a 320 1b buchert thomas ehlers jürgen 1997b newtonian cosmology in lagrangian formulation foundations and perturbation theory general relativity and gravitation 29 6 733 764 arxiv astro ph 9609036 bibcode 1997gregr 29 733e doi 10 1023 a 1018885922682 s2cid 15670330 ehlers jürgen 1957 konstruktionen und charakterisierungen von lösungen der einsteinschen gravitationsfeldgleichungen university of hamburg dissertation in german title in english translation constructions and characterizations of solutions to einstein s gravitational field equations ehlers j 1993 contributions to the relativistic mechanics of continuous media gen rel grav 25 12 1225 1266 bibcode 1993gregr 25 1225e doi 10 1007 bf00759031 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0013 5c1e c s2cid 122689869 ehlers jürgen january 1997 examples of newtonian limits of relativistic spacetimes pdf classical and quantum gravity 14 1a a119 a126 bibcode 1997cqgra 14a 119e doi 10 1088 0264 9381 14 1a 010 hdl 11858 00 001m 0000 0013 5ac5 f s2cid 250804865 ehlers jürgen 2005 modelle in der physik modelle des denkens berlin brandenburgische akademie der wissenschaften pp 35 40 in german english translation of contribution title models in physics english translation of title models of thinking ehlers jürge...