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veral similar software platforms that started at apple in that timeframe the sk8 system was also aimed at the multimedia market although it evolved from what was originally a major upgrade to hypercard the dylan programming language was a more full featured platform aimed at general programming not just multimedia development of all of these software projects ended at approximately the same time history edit formation edit announced in 1991 the company began operations in the summer of 1992 with nat goldhaber serving as its first ceo 1 the company was staffed by hand picking members of apple s quicktime team along with members from the big iron content delivery side at ibm kaleida s corporate offices were located in mountain view california at sites near the shoreline amphitheater on the east side of u s 101 kaleida was one of the earliest companies to post a corporate website the early model for the system was the kaleida media player or kmp this was essentially a cross platform interactive version of the quicktime player that would run on the apple macintosh ibm pc clones as well as set top boxes and other platforms it was intended to be a single universal multimedia system on top of this model was the scriptx programming language and object library which allowed developers to make the media files completely interactive according to statements made at the digital world conference goldhaber stated that scriptx would allow developers to distribute their work on practically any device simply by hitting a button on a screen and selecting save as scriptx 2 grandiose statements were typical with goldhaber later stating that it actually does have some genuine social importance 3 goldhaber s flamboyant style expensive company payroll and lack of obvious progress led to negative stories in the press one executive who described that the company has spent about 20 million in its one year of existence and that apple and ibm are loath to continue spending money at that rate he said kaleida salaries are high and that the company has too many employees for its current stage of development 4 in early 1993 goldhaber and the board started fighting over stock options and whether the company should go public on july 18 1993 the company announced that goldhaber was being replaced as ceo by mike braun formerly of ibm the company stated that goldhaber would remain on the board in efforts to build industry partnerships but blamed a lack of progress on this front and goldhaber s hands off management as the main reasons for the switch 5 in parting goldhaber quipped that different cultures and political maneuverings at ibm and apple doomed the company from the start refocus and release edit following goldhaber s ousting the company s focus was narrowed plans to build a system for set top boxes was officially abandoned in april 1994 6 kaleida s mission from then on was to complete and support the scriptx language and multimedia object library which by this point were very late kaleida sought to bundle the kmp as system software with new personal computers at the same time cd rom developers could ship the kmp with content to support existing windows and macintosh systems as part of the new focus the company was downsized with layoffs representing about 20 to 25 of the workforce 6 7 in late 1993 and early 1994 the company s objective was for the kaleida media player to run on a reference platform consisting of either a 25 mhz motorola 68030 or a 25 mhz intel 80486 processor running with 4 mb of random access memory such a system was typical of the installed base at that time and most new computers were shipping with a read only cd rom drive toshiba which had supported kaleida s set top box effort became a minority stakeholder throughout its brief history kaleida maintained cross platform development efforts for windows both windows 3 1 and windows 95 the macintosh supporting both the 68000 and powerpc platforms and os 2 the scriptx development kit and the 1 0 version of the kaleida media player were finally released on december 19 1994 now considerably late 8 nevertheless reviews were generally positive calling it remarkable for its ease of use and stating that the core classes that provide a high common denominator feature set for scriptx based development 9 however performance was another issue entirely the 1 0 version of the kmp required 3 3 mb of ram on windows and 2 9 mb on the mac and this was for the basic runtime only not the actual content that ran on it 9 to put this in perspective a mid range mac of the era was the lc 475 which shipped with only 4 mb of ram standard of which the os used a significant amount moreover the system was not released in powerpc format although by this point the ppc had already formed the high end of the mac lineup for eight months 9 changing market edit kaleida had been founded partly as an authoring environment for applications based on cd roms but the product life cycle of cd roms which had been heralded for years as a content delivery system turned out to be surprisingly short by 1995 it was becoming clear that the world wide web would be delivering many of the lightweight interactive systems that were previously delivered in cd rom and while video and similar high bandwidth systems were not yet suitable for the web they did not need the development environment or interactivity offered by something like kaleida kaleida had also been formed to some degree to offer an alternative to the wintel platform for what at that point appeared to be an emerging market in the cd world goldhaber had mentioned this on many occasions describing the upcoming war for multimedia 2 after netscape s public offering early in 1995 many software developers recognized that the browser itself would pose a challenge to windows and that the browser would become a multimedia platform in its own right the standalone platform to attack wintel now existed kaleida then started an effort to deliver objects over the internet and deliver web content 10 most potential kaleida developers had been taking a wait and watch approach to the system waiting for kaleida to solve performance problems and ship a more stable version of scriptx however the company had not been able to demonstrate a system that ran acceptably in less than 16 mb of ram which was at that time the high end of the market macromedia s director and associated lingo program took advantage of the vacuum to establish a strong market 11 meanwhile sun microsystems was promoting its new java programming language as a web dedicated system designed specifically to run on even the smallest platforms closure edit by late 1995 it was clear that scriptx had lost its momentum in the market even though the company was on the verge of shipping scriptx version 1 5 in november 1995 apple computer and ibm announced the closure of kaleida labs effective in january 1996 12 the parent companies announced that they would ship scriptx 1 5 anyhow future development of scriptx would move to a group inside apple computer and apple offered jobs to most members of the scriptx engineering team scriptx version 1 5 shipped almost concurrently with the closure of kaleida labs in january 1996 11 by shipping scriptx apple and ibm met contractual commitments they had made to developers and avoided legal difficulties ultimately only two multimedia content projects ever shipped using scriptx 1 5 one was a cd rom version of the swedish national encyclopedia nationalencyklopedin developed by linné data of gothenburg sweden the other was an interactive music title robert winter s crazy for ragtime after kaleida edit within a few months development of scriptx withered away inside apple and the remaining employees had either migrated to other jobs at apple or had left for other companies in the industry the director application remained a major force in the multimedia market for a time but was supplanted and then replaced by flash early versions of flash are in many ways a clone of scriptx using a small plug in runtime with an event driven language and similar resource requirements description edit scriptx edit the principal software architect of scriptx was john wainwright an australian born computer scientist scriptx was implemented in c using an extensive library called objects in c that wainwright had developed before joining kaleida and sold to the company at its inception objects in c uses preprocessor directives to simulate an object system within the libraries the library features more than 240 classes many of them designed to support multimedia and create customized user interfaces common data structures such as arrays and linked lists were implemented as collection classes in the library scriptx is an object oriented scripting language using design elements from smalltalk dylan hypertalk lisp object logo c and pascal 13 with smalltalk it shares the concept of classes objects and inheritance but also features multiple inheritance in both classes and objects and dynamic binding of objects at runtime scriptx has no primitive data types even integers are defined as objects all objects are instances of a class and classes are instances of a metaclass object as in lisp there are no statements and every line in a scriptx program is an expression that returns a value 13 scriptx uses garbage collection running in a separate thread to handle memory and features an object store for permanent collections scriptx supports multi threading but not multiprocessing and offers scripting control of lower level operating system features such as events and concurrently running threads early multimedia development tools lack techniques for synchronizing presentations except by polling the operating system s own clock ray valdés writing in dr dobb s journal noted that a key scriptx feature is a clock class which provides facilities for synchronizing timed sequences of actions required by multimedia apps 13 following the closure of kaleida labs wainwright became the principal architect of maxscript a scripting language for 3d studio max that has been used to process content for gaming and 3d applications such as the maxis sims programs 14 it closely resembles scriptx example edit the following code illustrates the unique syntax of the scriptx language it is part of a class that handles mouse tracking in a larger program written by don hopkins 15 the sendtrackdrop method sends a trackdrop message to another object method sendtrackdrop self class tracker service target x y data doit local coords new point repeat while true do if canobjectdo target trackdrop then return trackdrop target service x y data doit else coords x x coords y y local t findfirstatpoint target coords if t empty do return false x x t x y y t y target t this code is responsible for forwarding trackdrop messages between objects and illustrates a number of uncommon features of the scriptx language of minor note of interest is the assignment operator like that of pascal variables are marked local to determine their scope 13 this is the opposite of most modern languages where local is the default scope and such a declaration would be redundant in conventional languages the scoping visibility is defined by the location in the source code file variables declared inside a method are local to that method those defined outside methods or other declarations are global to the class or program this lack of file based scoping is a base feature of the scriptx language and others like it notably dylan in conventional languages like java classes and similar constructs are defined within a single file or at least a master file scope is defined by the file system and the code s location within it in contrast in scriptx any method can be defined on any class in any file in this example the method sendtrackdrop is being applied to the tracker class and can be placed within any file that will be accessed during runtime this allows programmers to organize their code by class or by functionality at the cost of some extra syntax references edit lawrence fisher 24 june 1992 apple i b m venture chief is named new york times 1 2 janice maloney a multimedia standard to bring about universal compatibility archived march 4 2016 at the wayback machine digital media july 1993 jonathan weber 27 september 1992 kaleida labs an apple ibm joint venture is searching for ways to develop multimedia technologies los angeles times archived from the original on 6 march 2016 jonathan weber 16 july 1993 kaleida s multimedia labs will be run by an ibm veteran amid reports of delays and high costs los angeles times archived from the original on 22 february 2017 ralph king multimedia kaleida shifts top executives amid delays wall street journal july 18 1993 1 2 laurie flynn 15 may 1994 sound bytes maverick remakes kaleida the new york times ray valdés what s up at kaleida dr dobbs developer update september 1 1994 kaleida labs ships scripts multimedia programs new york times 20 december 1994 1 2 3 stephan somogyi kaleida s scriptx it s late but ahead of its time digital media perspective december 23 1994 scriptx and the world wide web link globally interact locally 1 2 emerick donald round kimberlee 2000 exploring web marketing and project management mit press p 558 isbn 9780130163967 julie pitta 18 november 1995 ibm apple will close door on kaleida labs los angeles times archived from the original on 6 march 2016 1 2 3 4 ray valdés introducing scriptx dr dobb s journal november 1994 don hopkins automating the sims character animation pipeline with maxscript don hopkins trackservice yet another event handler for scriptx kaleida labs further reading edit kaleida labs inc 1994 scriptx architecture guide addison wesley isbn 0 201 40729 9 documentation accompanying scriptx version 1 0 kaleida labs inc 1994 scriptx core classes reference addison wesley isbn 0 201 40730 2 documentation accompanying scriptx version 1 0 kaleida labs inc 1996 scriptx architecture and components guide documentation accompanying scriptx version 1 5 kaleida labs inc 1996 scriptx core classes reference documentation accompanying scriptx version 1 5 kaleida labs inc 1996 scriptx language reference documentation accompanying scriptx version 1 5 kaleida labs inc 1995 scriptx technical overview external links edit scriptx overview page u s patent 5 907 704 hierarchical encapsulation of instantiated objects in a multimedia authoring system including internet accessible objects patent is now assigned to quark inc list of patents still currently assigned to kaleida permanent dead link v t e ibm history history world war ii mergers and acquisitions pc business acquisition by lenovo products hardware current mainframe ibm z power microprocessors power systems storage flashsystem ds8000 quantum q system one q system two eagle osprey heron condor former blue gene cell microprocessors powerpc midrange computer personal computer selectric other th...