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script seal script clerical script khitan large script child systems jurchen script sister systems simplified chinese tangut script kanji hanja chữ hán zhuyin iso 15924 iso 15924 kitl 505 khitan large script the khitan large script chinese 契丹大字 qìdān dàzì was one of two writing systems used for the now extinct khitan language the other was the khitan small script it was used during the 10th 12th centuries by the khitan people who had created the liao empire in north eastern china in addition to the large script the khitans simultaneously also used a functionally independent writing system known as the khitan small script both khitan scripts continued to be in use to some extent by the jurchen people for several decades after the fall of the liao dynasty until the jurchens fully switched to a script of their own examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments although other fragments sometimes surface history edit abaoji of the yelü clan founder of the khitan or liao dynasty introduced the original khitan script in 920 ce 1 the large script or big characters 大字 as it was referred to in some chinese sources was established to keep the record of the new khitan state the khitan script was based on the idea of the chinese script 2 description edit the khitan large script was considered to be relatively simple the large script characters were written equally spaced in vertical columns in the same way as the chinese has been traditionally written although the large script mostly uses logograms it is possible that ideograms and syllabograms are used for grammatical functions the large script has a few similarities to chinese with several words taken directly with or without modifications from the chinese e g characters 二 三 十 廿 月 and 日 which appear in dates in the apparently bilingual xiao xiaozhong muzhi inscription from xigushan jinxi liaoning province 3 most large script characters however cannot be directly related to any chinese characters the meaning of most of them remains unknown but that of a few of them numbers symbols for some of the five elements and the twelve animals that the khitans apparently used to designate years of the sexagenary cycle has been established by analyzing dates in khitan inscriptions 4 while there has long been controversy as to whether a particular monument belong to the large or small script 5 there are several monuments steles or fragments of stelae that the specialists at least tentatively identify as written in the khitan large script however one of the first inscriptions so identified the gu taishi mingshi ji epitaph found in 1935 has been since lost and the preserved rubbings of it are not very legible moreover some believe that this inscription was a forgery in the first place in any event the total of about 830 different large script characters are thought to have been identified even without the problematic gu taishi mingshi ji including it the character count rises to about 1000 6 the memorial for yelü yanning dated 986 ce is one of the earliest inscriptions in the khitan large script direction edit while the khitan large script was traditionally written top to bottom it can also be written left to right which is the direction to be expected in modern contexts for the khitan large script and other traditionally top to bottom scripts especially in electronic text jurchen edit some of the characters of the jurchen scripts have similarities to the khitan large script according to some sources the discoveries of inscriptions on monuments and epitaphs give clues to the connection between khitan and jurchen 7 after the fall of the liao dynasty the khitan small character script continued to be used by the jurchen people for a few decades until it was fully replaced with the jurchen script and in 1191 suppressed by imperial order 8 9 corpus edit main article list of khitan inscriptions folio 9 of manuscript codex nova n 176 there are no surviving examples of printed texts in the khitan language and aside from five example khitan large characters with chinese glosses in tao zongyi s 1376 important matters in the history of calligraphy 10 there are no chinese glossaries or dictionaries of khitan however in 2002 a small fragment of a khitan manuscript with seven khitan large characters and interlinear glosses in old uyghur was identified in the collection of the berlin brandenburg academy of sciences and humanities 11 then in 2010 a manuscript codex nova n 176 held at the institute of oriental manuscripts of the russian academy of sciences in saint petersburg was identified by viacheslav zaytsev as being written in the khitan large script 12 the main source of khitan texts are monumental inscriptions mostly comprising memorial tablets buried in the tombs of khitan nobility 13 there are about 17 known monuments with inscriptions in the khitan large script ranging in date from 986 to 1176 in addition to monumental inscriptions short inscriptions in both khitan scripts have also been found on tomb murals and rock paintings and on various portable artefacts such as mirrors amulets paiza tablets of authority given to officials and envoys and special non circulation coins a number of bronze official seals with the seal face inscribed in a convoluted seal script style of khitan characters are also known references edit citations edit gernet 1996 p 353 gernet 1996 p 34 kane 1989 p 12 kane 1989 p 11 13 kane 1989 pp 6 7 kane 1989 pp 6 12 kiyose gisaburo n 1985 the significance of the new kitan and jurchen materials papers in east asian languages pp 75 87 daniels peter t bright william 1996 the world s writing systems new york oxford university press pp 230 234 gernet 1996 p 359 tao 1376 wang ding 2004 ch 3586 ein khitanisches fragment mit uigurischen glossen in der berliner turfansammlung pdf in durkin meisterernst desmond raschmann simone christiane wilkens jens yaldiz marianne zieme peter eds turfan revisited the first century of research into the arts and cultures of the silk road dietrich reimer verlag pp 371 379 isbn 978 3 496 02763 8 archived from the original on 16 september 2025 retrieved 15 september 2025 o a vodneva о а воднева 2 june 2011 отчет о ежегодной научной сессии ивр ран 2010 report on the annual scientific session of the iom 2010 in russian institute of oriental studies of the russian academy of sciences retrieved 2011 10 11 kane 2009 p 4 works cited edit gernet jacques 1996 a history of chinese civilization cambridge university press isbn 0 521 49781 7 retrieved june 7 2011 kane daniel 1989 khitan script the sino jurchen vocabulary of the bureau of interpreters uralic and altaic series vol 153 bloomington indiana indiana university research institute for inner asian studies pp 11 20 isbn 0 933070 23 3 kane daniel 2009 the kitan language and script brill isbn 978 90 04 16829 9 tao zongyi 1376 shūshǐ huìyào 書史會要 important matters in the history of calligraphy in chinese further reading edit west andrew 8 june 2023 16 october 2012 khitan seals babelstone blog archived from the original on 21 july 2025 retrieved 15 september 2025 analysis of 25 khitan large script seals many of which are in the nine fold seal script style shimunek andrew 2022 toward a morphological paradigm of the kitan verb to give in assembled script and linear script with notes on mongolic cognates 알타이학보 altai journal 32 71 98 doi 10 15816 ask 2022 32 005 glossed sentences in khitan large linear and small assembled script bai yuanming 2022 a study on the verb to marry in khitan scripts pdf acta orientalia academiae scientiarum hungaricae 75 4 639 654 doi 10 1556 062 2022 00263 archived from the original pdf on 15 september 2025 retrieved 15 september 2025 variants and inflections of the verb to marry in khitan small and large script with proposed character readings wu yingzhe jiruhe peng daruhan 2017 interpretation of the epitaph of changgun yelü zhun of great liao in khitan large script pdf acta orientalia academiae scientiarum hungaricae 70 2 217 251 doi 10 1556 062 2017 70 2 5 archived from the original pdf on 15 july 2025 retrieved 15 september 2025 analysis of a khitan epitaph with lists of khitan large small script correspondences variants semantic and phonetic readings liu fengzhu 刘凤翥 2014 qìdān wénzì yánjiū lèibiān 契丹文字研究类编 collection of research on the khitan scripts in chinese vol 1 4 china social science publishers 中国社会科学出版社 liu fengzhu 劉鳳翥 wang yunlong 王雲龍 2004 qìdān dàzì yēlǜ chāngyǔn mùzhìmíng zhī yánjiū 契丹大字 耶律昌允墓誌銘 之研究 a study on the epitaph for yelü changyun in khitan large script 燕京學報 yenching journal of chinese studies in chinese 17 61 99 analysis of a khitan epitaph with a list of 189 khitan large script characters not including variants with phonetic readings liu fengzhu 劉鳳翥 1998 qìdān dàzì liùshí nián zhī yánjiū 契丹大字六十年之研究 sixty years of research on the khitan large script pdf 中國文化研究所學報 journal of chinese studies in chinese 7 313 338 doi 10 29708 jcs cuhk 199801_ 7 0014 archived from the original pdf on 21 july 2025 retrieved 15 september 2025 contains copies of 6 khitan large script texts with chinese glosses and accompanying chinese texts where available external links edit khitan script on omniglot linguist list description of kitan archived 2008 09 23 at the wayback machine khitan script by babelstone co uk v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reord...