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f printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia native american tribe based in the united states and mexico for other uses see kickapoo disambiguation ethnic group kickapoo ron mckinney mahuk kickapoo potawatomi documerica project photo doniphan county kansas 1974 total population roughly 5 000 3 000 enrolled members regions with significant populations united states kansas oklahoma texas mexico coahuila sonora durango languages english spanish kickapoo religion native american church christianity many catholic some protestant tribal religious practices related ethnic groups sauk meskwaki other algonquian peoples the kickapoo people ˈ k ɪ k ə ˌ p uː kickapoo kiikaapoa or kiikaapoi spanish kikapú are an algonquian speaking native american tribe and indigenous people in mexico originating in the region south of the great lakes there are three federally recognized kickapoo tribes in the united states the kickapoo tribe in kansas the kickapoo tribe of oklahoma and the kickapoo traditional tribe of texas the oklahoma and texas bands are politically associated with each other the kickapoo in kansas came from a relocation from southern missouri in 1832 as a land exchange from their reserve there 1 around 3 000 people are enrolled tribal members another band the tribu kikapú resides in múzquiz municipality in the northern mexican state of coahuila ending up there after disputes between leaders of rival bands in the tribe caused a schism between followers of the kickapoo prophet kennekuk and prairie band chief kishko 2 smaller bands live in sonora to the west and durango to the southwest history edit pre 1800s edit babe shkit kickapoo chief and delegate from indian territory c 1900 the kickapoo are an algonquian language people who likely migrated from northern ohio where they were at the time of european contact to a large territory along the southern wabash river in the area of modern terre haute indiana where they were located at the time of first contact with europeans in the 1600s they were confederated with the larger wabash confederacy which included the piankeshaw and the wea to their north and the powerful miami tribe to their east a subgroup lived in the upper iowa river region in what was later known as northeast iowa and the root river region in southeast minnesota in the late 1600s and early 1700s this group was probably known by the clan name mahouea derived from the illinoian word for wolf m hwea 3 the earliest european contact with the kickapoo tribe occurred during the la salle expeditions into illinois country in the late 17th century the french colonists set up remote fur trading posts throughout the region including on the wabash river they typically set up posts at or near native american villages terre haute was founded as an associated french village the kickapoo had to contend with a changing cast of europeans the british defeated the french in the seven years war and took over nominal rule of former french territory east of the mississippi river after 1763 they increased their own trading with the kickapoo 1800s to present edit the united states acquired the territory east of the mississippi river and north of the ohio river after it gained independence from great britain now the united kingdom as white settlers moved into the region from the united states eastern areas beginning in the early 19th century the kickapoo were under pressure they negotiated with the united states over their territory in several treaties including the treaty of vincennes the treaty of grouseland and the treaty of fort wayne they sold most of their lands to the united states and moved north to settle among the wea people rising tensions between the regional tribes and the united states led to tecumseh s war in 1811 the kickapoo were among the closest allies of shawnee leader tecumseh many kickapoo warriors participated in the battle of tippecanoe and the subsequent war of 1812 on the side of the british hoping to expel the white american settlers from the region the 1819 treaty of edwardsville saw the kickapoo cede the entirety of their holdings in illinois comprising nearly one half area of the state in exchange for a smaller tract on the osage river in missouri and 3 000 worth of goods 4 the kickapoo were not eager to move partly as their assigned tract in missouri was made of rugged hills and already occupied by the osage who were their hereditary enemies instead half of the population traveled south and crossed onto the spanish side of the red river in modern day texas the us government quickly mobilized to prevent this emigration and force their removal to missouri this remnant of kickapoo remained in illinois under the guidance of kennekuk a prominent nonviolent spiritual leader among the kickapoo he led his followers during the indian removal in the 1830s to their current tribal lands in kansas he died there of smallpox in 1852 5 the close of the war led to a change of federal indian policy in the indiana territory and later the state of indiana white american leaders began to advocate the removal of tribes to lands west of the mississippi river to remove their claims to native lands wanted by white american settlers the kickapoo were among the first tribes to leave indiana under this program they accepted land in kansas and an annual subsidy in exchange for leaving their land in the state language edit main article kickapoo language tribes and communities edit three federally recognized kickapoo communities are in the united states in kansas texas and oklahoma the mexican kickapoo are closely tied to the texas and oklahoma communities these groups migrate annually among the three locations to maintain connections indeed the texas and mexican branches are the same cross border nation called the kickapoo of coahuila texas 6 kickapoo indian reservation of kansas edit main article kickapoo tribe in kansas the tribe in kansas was home to the prophet kenekuk known for his astute leadership which allowed the small group to maintain their reservation kenekuk aimed to preserve order among his tribe while living in kansas he also focused on keeping the identity of the kickapoo people intact especially given all the relocations they had experienced 7 the basis of kenekuk s leadership began in the religious revivals of the 1820s and 1830s with a blend of protestantism and catholicism kenekuk taught his tribesmen and white audiences to obey god s commands for sinners were damned to the pits of hell 7 once the kickapoo people got relocated to kansas they resisted the ideas of protestantism and catholicism and started focusing more on farming so they could provide food for the rest of the tribe after this had happened they remained together and claimed some of the original land that they had before it was taken by americans the kickapoo indian reservation of kansas is located at 39 40 51 n 95 36 41 w 39 68083 n 95 61139 w 39 68083 95 61139 in the northeastern part of the state in parts of three counties brown jackson and atchison it has a land area of 612 203 square kilometres 236 373 sq mi and a resident population of 4 419 as of the 2000 census the largest community on the reservation is the city of horton the other communities are muscotah netawaka powhattan whiting willis kickapoo indian reservation of texas edit main article kickapoo indian reservation of texas the kickapoo indian reservation of texas is located at 28 36 37 n 100 26 19 w 28 61028 n 100 43861 w 28 61028 100 43861 on the rio grande on the u s mexico border in western maverick county just south of the city of eagle pass texas as part of the community of rosita south it has a land area of 0 4799 square kilometres 118 6 acres and a 2000 census population of 420 persons the texas indian commission officially recognized the tribe in 1977 8 other kickapoo in maverick county texas constitute the south texas subgroup of the kickapoo tribe of oklahoma that tribe formerly owned 917 79 acres 3 7142 km 2 of non reservation land in maverick county primarily to the north of eagle pass but has sold most of it to a developer it has an office in that city 9 kickapoo tribe of oklahoma edit main article kickapoo tribe of oklahoma a kickapoo wickiup sac and fox agency oklahoma c 1880 after being expelled from the republic of texas many kickapoo moved south to mexico but the population of two villages settled in indian territory one village settled within the chickasaw nation and the other within the muscogee creek nation these kickapoo were granted their own reservation in 1883 and became recognized as the kickapoo tribe of oklahoma the reservation was short lived in 1893 under the dawes act their communal tribal lands were broken up 10 and assigned to separate member households by allotments the tribe s government was dismantled by the curtis act of 1898 which encouraged assimilation by native americans to the majority culture tribal members struggled under these conditions in the 1930s the federal and state governments encouraged tribes to reorganize their governments this one formed the kickapoo tribe of oklahoma in 1936 under the oklahoma indian welfare act 11 today the kickapoo tribe of oklahoma is headquartered in mcloud oklahoma their tribal jurisdictional area is in oklahoma pottawatomie and lincoln counties they have 2 719 enrolled tribal members 12 see also edit kickapoo whistled speech mascouten notes edit kickapoo history herring joseph b 1988 kenekuk the kickapoo prophet lawrence kansas university press of kansas pp 78 83 isbn 0 7006 0357 3 colin m betts rediscovering the mahouea journal of the iowa archeological society 58 23 33 archived from the original on november 19 2012 retrieved january 9 2012 ratified indian treaty 107 kickapoo edwardsville illinois july 30 1819 general records of the united states government national archives and records administration retrieved november 4 2021 mooney james august 15 2012 1896 the ghost dance religion and wounded knee reprint revised ed courier corporation isbn 9780486143330 mager elisabeth 2011 the kickapoo of coahuila texas cultural implications of being a cross border nation pdf voices of mexico 90 36 40 1 2 herring joseph b summer 1985 kenekuk the kickapoo prophet acculturation without assimilation american indian quarterly 9 3 295 307 doi 10 2307 1183831 jstor 1183831 miller tom on the border portraits of america s southwestern frontier pp 67 maverick county appraisal district property tax appraisals 2007 withington w r 1952 kickapoo titles in oklahoma 23 oklahoma bar association journal 1751 archived from the original on august 3 2017 retrieved july 19 2012 annette kuhlman kickapoo archived 2014 12 30 at the wayback machine encyclopedia of oklahoma history culture oklahoma historical society 2009 accessed 21 february 2009 oklahoma indian affairs oklahoma indian nations pocket pictorial directory archived 2009 02 11 at the wayback machine 2008 21 further reading edit grant foreman the last trek of the indians an account of the removal of the indians from north of the ohio river chicago university of chicago press 1946 arrell m gibson the kickapoo lords of the middle border norman university of oklahoma press 1963 mager elisabeth 2017 ethnic consciousness in cultural survival the morongo band of mission indians and the kickapoo traditional tribe of texas permanent dead link american indian culture and research journal 2017 vol 41 no 1 pp 47 72 m christopher nunley kickapoo indians in the new handbook of texas austin texas state historical association 1996 muriel h wright a guide to the indian tribes of oklahoma norman university of oklahoma press 1986 joseph b herring kennekuk the kickapoo prophet lawrence university of kansas press 1988 external links edit kickapoo tribe of kansas official website kickapoo tribe of oklahoma official website kickapoo language alphabet and pronunciation kickapoo traditional tribe of texas official website matthew r garrett kickapoo foreign policy 1650 1830 phd dissertation university of nebraska 2006 at digital commons kickapoo reservation kansas and kickapoo reservation texas united states census bureau first nations kickapoo lee sultzman herbermann charles ed 1913 kickapoo indians catholic encyclopedia new york robert appleton company see also edit kickapoo joy juice v t e native american tribes in oklahoma federally recognized tribes absentee shawnee alabama quassarte apache caddo cherokee cheyenne and arapaho chickasaw choctaw citizen potawatomi comanche delaware nation delaware tribe eastern shawnee fort sill apache iowa kaw kialegee kickapoo kiowa miami modoc muscogee creek osage otoe missouria ottawa pawnee peoria ponca quapaw sac and fox seminole seneca cayuga shawnee thlopthlocco tonkawa united keetoowah wichita wyandotte tribal languages still spoken alabama arapaho caddo cayuga cherokee cheyenne chickasaw chiwere iowa and otoe choctaw comanche delaware koasati hitchiti mikasuki mescalero chiricahua fox meskwaki sauk and kickapoo muscogee osage ottawa pawnee ponca potawatomi quapaw seneca shawnee wichita wyandot yuchi v t e black hawk war of 1832 native people british band black hawk checokalako neapope pamisseu towaunonne wabokieshiek dakota wapasha ho chunk waukon decorah menominee oshkosh potawatomi billy caldwell shabbona waubonsie sauk and meskwaki keokuk wapello u s people army henry atkinson hugh brady jefferson davis winfield scott zachary taylor militia john giles adams milton alexander david bailey ebenezer brigham john dement henry dodge william s hamilton james d henry abraham lincoln alexander posey john h rountree isaiah stillman james w stephenson samuel whiteside others george davenport henry gratiot antoine leclaire joseph m street felix st vrain joseph throckmorton satterlee clark places illinois apple river fort buffalo grove dixon s ferry fort armstrong fort beggs galena indian creek kellogg s grove plum river saukenuk stillman creek stillman s run battle site waddams grove yellow creek indiana door village fort michigan territory wisconsin bad axe river blue mounds fort fort crawford fort defiance fort hamilton fort jackson fort koshkonong fort union gratiot s grove helena hamilton s diggings pecatonica river roxbury sinsinawa mound soldiers grove victory wisconsin heights battlefield wisconsin river engagements minor engagements battle of stillman s run buffalo grove ambush plum river raid indian creek massacre st vrain massacre attacks at fort blue mounds spafford farm massacre battle of horseshoe bend battle of waddams grove battle of kellogg s grove attack at ament s cabin battle of apple river fort sinsinawa mound raid battle of wisconsin heights battle of bad axe related topics black hawk purchase black hawk tree keokuk s reserve treaty of st louis 1804 first treaty of prairie du chien fourth treaty of prairie du chien warrior 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