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knee construction wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 strength characteristics 2 types 3 terminology 4 favored species of wood 5 references toggle the table of contents knee construction 3 languages français polski українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia curved piece of wood knee timbers in boat building in woodworking a knee is a natural or cut curved piece of wood 1 knees sometimes called ship s knees are a common form of bracing in boat building and occasionally in timber framing a knee rafter in carpentry is a bent rafter used to gain head room in an attic strength characteristics edit wood is a highly anisotropic material its strength varies considerably with the direction of applied force i e parallel radial or tangential to the grain because wood is strongest when loaded in tension or compression along the grain the best knees are those in which the wood grain follows the bend for a knee with relatively little bend it may be possible to cut the knee out of a single straight grained board and still achieve sufficient strength however with increasing bend this method becomes problematic since more and more of the knee is aligned across the grain and is therefore considerably weaker a knee laid out this way might easily snap in two under hand pressure alone even if it is generously sized in boat joinery constantly subject to shock and fatigue loading this method is unsuitable to avoid this issue knees requiring sharper curves are made using methods which ensure that the wood grain and direction of load are closely aligned this can be achieved by steam bending laminating or selecting a natural crook with matching grain a grown knee grown knees are generally considered as the best method among boat builders and have a strong traditions associated with their use but they may not achieve the same strength as a good laminated knee types edit bent bent knees 2 are formed by plasticizing the wood to make it flexible via boiling steaming or microwaving for small components while still hot the wood can be bent into a shape suitable for the location either on a form or by forcing and securing it directly into the final service location steam bending is a time honored method for shaping boat frames but it does weaken the wood slightly it can leave residual stresses which may cause breakage or spring back over time and it is limited in the degree of bend which it can achieve particularly for thick members also not all species of wood steam bend well laminated laminated knees are formed by coating thin flexible strips of wood with adhesive layering them to achieve the required thickness then forcing the desired bend into the layup and securing it until the adhesive sets laminated knees are very strong and can be made in shapes which would be difficult to achieve using other methods but they require time for the adhesive to cure they are messier to construct and they must use a jig or fixture to secure them until the adhesive cures traditional english parkland short springy turf with spaced trees this landscape was once quite profitable sheep kept the greensward closely cropped and provided valuable wool see enclosure and scottish clearances and parkland trees grew curved branches and provided grown knees valuable in shipbuilding grown the term grown knees refers to any knee which is made from a natural crook or bend in a tree grown knees can be taken from several locations within a tree the roots are a particularly useful source as the root structure of many species of trees naturally spreads out laterally just beneath the ground in order to help anchor the tree this provides a fairly reliable source of approximately 90 degree crooks which may be impossible to find in other portions of the tree in order to obtain this raw material for knees builders may dig up a stump in its entirety as unlike other portions of the tree it is impossible to judge the quality and quantity of available material in the roots as they are underground once the stump has been dug up the knees can be sawn or split from suitable natural crooks however knees sawn from a stump can quickly dull tools used to shape and finish them as the roots grow they envelop small particles of soil and rock which acts as an embedded abrasive and accelerates the wear of edged tools for species of wood with appropriate splitting characteristics such as oak the stump can be split into wedges with one large root on each wedge each wedge is then carved into a rib for a small boat historically tree shaping was sometimes used to grow a tree into a marketable shape coppicing and pollarding were used for small straight timbers like withies terminology edit a sharp bend in a piece of wood is also called cranked commonly used in shipbuilding known as ship s knees for their advantage of reducing the encroachment into the usable space of the structure since there is no spandrel also knee rafter increases the usable space in an attic by creating a kneewall like space a ship s knee has two parts called the arm shorter and a body longer the outside surfaces come to a corner typically 90 degrees in buildings called the heel the inside surface retains its natural shape and the curve is called the bosom the thickness between the heel and bosom is the throat the ends of the arm and body are the toes the names of ship s knees are based on their position 3 4 hanging knee the arm is down standing knee the arm is up lodging knee the arm is sideways boson knee or lap knee unclear quarter knee quarter sawn thus smaller but without the pith center of the tree rings so less prone to checking dagger knee in shipbuilding typically a hanging knee set slightly off diagonally to clear an obstruction such as a gunport in a fighting ship from building the wooden fighting ship dodds and moore 1984 knees can be blind pegged with foxtail wedges on both ends or bolted in place favored species of wood edit due to tradition ease of workability strength and durability characteristics some species of wood are particularly prized for making knees tamarack also known as hackmatack stumps are among the preferred softwood species for grown knees while white oak live oak and elm are preferred for hardwoods for bent knees due to their ease of steam bending references edit oxford english dictionary second edition on cd rom v 4 0 oxford university press 2009 bent timber ships and universal wood bending machinery two prize medals awarded at the international exhibition philadelphia 1876 1876 wilson theodore delavan 1873 an outline of ship building theoretical and practical j wiley son newman gee joiner s quarterly 36 17 19 v t e woodworking overviews history glossary wood lumber styles boat building bow and arrow bush carpentry cabinetry caning carpentry certosina chainsaw carving chip carving ébéniste fretwork intarsia japanese carpentry khatam kohlrosing log building luthier marquetry millwork pallet crafting parquetry pyrography relief carving root carving segmented turning shingle weaving shipbuilding spindle turning timber framing treen whittling wood carving woodturning woods soft cedar calocedrus cedrus cypress douglas fir fir juniper larch kauri pine rimu spruce yew hard afromosia alder andiroba anigre ash apple aspen avodire balsa beech bilinga birch african blackwood australian blackwood boxwood bubinga camphor cedrela cherry chestnut cocobolo cumaru ebony elm eucalyptus hazel hickory hornbeam idigbo imbuia ipê iroko jarrah jelutong lignum vitae linden lime basswood lovoa merbau mahogany american african maple meranti oak padauk pear plum poplar purpleheart ovankol ramin red quebracho rosewood rubberwood sapele teak totara utile walnut wenge willow zebrano engineered cross laminated glue laminated hardboard mdf osb particle board plywood wood plastic composite tools abrasives axe adze burnisher chisel drawknife drill fence float gimlet gauge hinge bender impact driver janka hardness test jointer mallet milling machine miter box rasp router sandpaper shaper shaving horse square carpenters combination miter speed try thickness planer timber framing veneer hammer vise warrington hammer winding sticks wood scribe workbench clamps band clamp c clamp f clamp flooring clamp gripe holdfast miter clamp pipe clamp sawbuck saws backsaw bandsaw bow bucksaw chainsaw circular compass coping crosscut frame fretsaw hand saw jigsaw keyhole miter ripsaw scroll table veneer whipsaw planes bedrock plane block plane chamfer plane compass plane finger plane fore plane grooving plane jack plane japanese plane jointer plane moulding plane razee plane rebate plane router plane scrub plane shoulder plane smoothing plane spokeshave surform geometry joints birdsmouth biscuit box bridle butt butterfly coping crown of thorns dado dovetail finger groove halved hammer headed tenon knee lap mason s miter miter mortise and tenon rabbet rebate scarf splice tongue and groove profiles bead bevel chamfer ogee ogive ovolo surface piecing binding edge banding intarsia marquetry oystering parquetry purfling treatments adhesive french polish heat bending lacquer oil paint paint stripper steam bending thermal varnish wax wood drying wood preservation wood stain wood finishing organizations american association of woodturners architectural woodwork institute british woodworking federation building and wood workers international caricature carving international federation of building and wood workers national wood carvers association society of wood engravers timber framers guild conversion chainsaw mill hewing sawmill whipsaw wood splitting flat sawing quarter sawing rift sawing techniques frame and panel frameless construction green woodworking category wikiproject commons retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title knee_ construction oldid 1373696782 categories woodworking architectural elements hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata this page was last edited on 7 september 2026 at 11 26 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered 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