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català 한국어 татарча tatarça edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia mechanism for distributing knowledge resources a knowledge market is a mechanism for distributing knowledge resources 1 there are two views on knowledge and how knowledge markets can function 2 one view uses a legal construct of intellectual property to make knowledge a typical scarce resource so the traditional commodity market mechanism can be applied directly to distribute it 2 an alternative model is based on treating knowledge as a public good and hence encouraging free sharing of knowledge 2 this is often referred to as attention economy 2 currently there is no consensus among researchers on relative merits of these two approaches 2 history edit a knowledge economy include the concept of exchanging knowledge based products and services 1 however as discussed by stewart 1996 3 knowledge is very different from physical products for example it can be in more than one place at one time selling it does not diminish the supply buyers only purchase it once and once sold it cannot be recalled 3 further knowledge begets more knowledge in a never ending cycle 1 understanding of knowledge markets is beginning to emerge 1 as would be expected they are very different in form from traditional markets 1 knowledge markets have been variously described by stewart 1996 3 and simard 2000 4 as a mechanism for enabling supporting and facilitating the mobilization sharing or exchange of information and knowledge among providers and users 5 this transactional approach assumes that knowledge based products or services are available for distribution that someone wants to use them and that the primary focus of the market is to connect the two 5 this perspective is appropriate when the market has limited or no interest or control over either the production or use of the content being exchanged as is the case for most traditional markets 6 a provider user perspective is also appropriate for emerging social networking ideagoras tapscott and williams 2006 6 in which the primary function of the market is to match existing solutions with problems and problems with those who can find solutions from a production perspective processes for creating wealth through the use of intellectual capital are explained by nonaka 1991 7 8 and leonard 1998 9 at the marketing end of the spectrum a number of authors including bishop 1996 10 may 2000 11 and tapscott et al 2000 12 describe the architecture and processes necessary to succeed in a digital economy knowledge markets may also be sequential in nature 13 simard 2006 4 describes a cyclic end to end knowledge market model comprising nine stages that embed advance or extract value into knowledge products and services along a knowledge services value chain the first five stages are internal to a knowledge organization production and transfer while the last four stages are external intermediaries clients and citizens 4 because the value chain is cyclic it can be used to model either a supply post production evaluation or a demand pre production evaluation approach to knowledge markets 4 knowledge services edit knowledge services is an emerging concept that integrates knowledge management a knowledge organization and knowledge markets 1 knowledge services are programs that provide content based data information knowledge organizational outputs e g advice answers facilitation to meet external user wants or needs 1 5 knowledge services are delivered through knowledge markets st clair and reich 2002 describe internal knowledge services as a management approach that integrates information management knowledge management and strategic learning into an enterprise wide function 14 kalakota and robinson 2003 and thomas 2005 developed service oriented architectures for the private sector 15 16 their focus was to transform traditional retail businesses by developing enterprise wide platforms that support customer services 15 16 rocsearch 2006 takes a broader external view referring to a nascent knowledge services industry that goes beyond traditional cost and time leveraging advantages of the traditional consulting sector simard et al 2007 developed a holistic systems model of knowledge services for government s t organizations 13 the model begins with generating new content and ends with sector outcomes and individual benefits the model is independent of content issues or organizations 13 it is designed at a departmental level but is scalable both upwards and downwards 13 the primary driver is a department s legal mandate a secondary driver is the needs of clients and residents 13 the model can function from either a supply or demand approach to knowledge markets there are two levels of resolution performance measurement and classifying service related activities 13 there are four types of knowledge services generate content develop products provide assistance and share solutions 24 knowledge services are modeled as a circular value chain comprising nine stages that embed advance or extract value from knowledge based products and services 17 the stages are generate transform manage use internally transfer enhance use professionally use personally and evaluate 13 17 simard 2007 described a rich to reach service delivery spectrum that is segmented into categories of recipients with associated levels of distribution interactions content complexity and channels 13 the categories from rich to reach are unique once only complex science technical engineering specialized professional simplified popular and mandatory everyone 13 17 from the perspective of knowledge markets mcgee and prusak 1993 note that people barter for information use it as an instrument of power or trade it for information of greater value 18 davenport and prusak 1998 used a knowledge marketplace analogy to describe the exchange of knowledge among individuals and groups 19 however shapiro and varian 1999 indicate that information markets will not resemble textbook competitive markets with many suppliers offering similar products but lacking the ability to influence prices 20 simard 2006 described knowledge markets as a group of related circular knowledge service value chains that function collectively as a sector to embed advance and extract value to yield sector outcomes and individual benefits 4 examples edit see also list of question and answer websites fee based knowledge markets commoditize knowledge by being based on traditional market mechanisms that work well for traditional goods 1 the buyer posts a request normally in the form of a question and sets a price for the valid answer 1 alternatively the suppliers of knowledge answerers can post their bids to have the question answered 1 17 experts exchange is fee based knowledge market which using a virtual currency where buyers can offer payment to have their questions answered 21 mahalo answers an extension of the search engine mahalo com launched on december 15 2008 the site also uses a virtual currency mahalo dollars 22 innocentive is a web based open marketplace where firms post scientific problems and choose rewards 23 sage board is an active american company tackling the problem from a consumer perspective the company vets experts through web sources social media profiles journals and professional profiles it connects consumers to the vetted experts who provide paid answers audio or video conferencing services sage also provides an seo software toolset that provides seo analytics for digital content marketing for the experts citation needed google answers was another implementation of this idea 24 this service allowed its users to offer bounties to expert researchers for answering their questions 24 the google site was closed in 2006 two months later fifty former google answers researchers launched paid research q a site uclue 24 google also acquired q a website vark com to shut it down a year later 24 free knowledge markets use an alternative model treating knowledge as a public good 1 quora stack overflow and the rest of the stack exchange network ask metafilter yahoo answers windows live qna wikipedia s reference desk 3form free knowledge exchange knowledge in and several other websites currently use the free knowledge exchange model 23 none of these offer more than an increase in reputation as payment for researchers 23 chacha com and answerly com both offer subsidized knowledge markets where researchers are paid to generate answers despite the service remaining free to the question asker amazon com s nownow previously offered a subsidized knowledge market for questions asked through mobile phones and as an experimental feature in the company s ebook reader the amazon kindle the nownow service was discontinued november 21 2008 after an extended private beta period 25 see also edit list of question and answer websites collective intelligence crowdsourcing digital economy electronic business electronic commerce information economy knowledge management information market information society information systems knowledge economy knowledge ecosystems knowledge organization knowledge policy virtual economy private intelligence agency competitive intelligence social information processing knowledge worker references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 hicks jennifer the rise of the knowledge market forbes retrieved 19 april 2013 1 2 3 4 5 a synopsis of working knowledge how organizations manage what they know pdf organizational change program for the cgiar centers retrieved 19 april 2013 permanent dead link 1 2 3 stewart thomas a 1996 intellectual capital the new wealth of organizations mcgraw hill 342 p 1 2 3 4 5 simard albert 2006 knowledge markets more than providers and users bgd internet research society transactions 2 2 4 9 1 2 3 simard caroline chapter 11 knowledge networks and the geographic locus of innovation pdf university of california at berkeley retrieved 19 april 2013 1 2 tapscott don williams anthony d 2006 wikinomics how mass collaboration changes everything new york 324 p penguin group cite book cs1 maint location link nonaka ikujiro 1991 the knowledge creating company harvard business review 69 6 14 37 edvinsson leif malone michael s 1997 intellectual capital new york 225 p harper business isbn 9780887308413 cite book cs1 maint location link leonard dorothy 1998 wellsprings of knowledge boston 334 p harvard business school press cite book cs1 maint location link bishop bill 1996 strategic marketing for the digital age new york 250 p harper business cite book cs1 maint location link may paul 2000 the business of ecommerce cambridge university press 270 p isbn 9780521776981 tapscott don ticoll david lowt alex 2000 digital capital boston 270 p harvard business school press isbn 9781578511938 cite book cs1 maint location link 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kantola jussi karwowski waldemar 2012 knowledge service engineering handbook boca raton fl crc press isbn 978 1439852941 st clair guy lauren albert 2010 beyond degrees professional learning for knowledge services berlin de gruyter publishing isbn 978 3598243691 1 2 kalakota ravi robinson marcia 2003 services blueprint roadmap for execution boston addison wesley professional isbn 0321150392 1 2 davenport thomas h 2005 thinking for a living how to get better performances and results from knowledge workers boston harvard business review press isbn 1591394236 1 2 3 4 xia haoxiang january 2007 knowledge services a new research field between km and ssme conference paper hdl 10119 4152 retrieved 19 april 2013 via academia edu cite journal cite journal requires journal help liu alan 2004 the laws of cool knowledge work and the culture of information chicago illinois university of chicago press prusak lawrence davenport thomas h 1998 working knowledge how organizations manage what they know 2nd edition cambridge massachusetts harvard business school press isbn 1 57851 301 4 shapiro carl varian hal r 1998 information rules a strategic guide to the network economy cambridge massachusetts harvard business school press isbn 978 0875848631 experts exchange 3 million solutions experts exchange retrieved 19 april 2013 needleman rafe mahalo expands human powered search with paid answers service cnet retrieved 19 april 2013 1 2 3 diener kathleen the market for open innovation first study to compare the offerings methods and competences of intermediaries consultancies and brokers for open innovation rwth tim blog retrieved 19 april 2013 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link 1 2 3 4 durbin bryce 29 november 2006 google has no answers techcrunch retrieved 19 april 2013 the kindle will no longer answer questions no more nownow amazon com retrieved 19 april 2013 permanent dead link external links edit media related to knowledge markets at wikimedia commons v t e knowledge management general topics intellectual capital knowledge economy knowledge intensive services knowledge intensive business services knowledge organization management knowledge intensive company knowledge sharing ignorance management seci model of knowledge dimensions electronic systems knowledge management software business intelligence enterprise content management wiki software related knowledge declarative explicit procedural tacit tribal bus factor collective intelligence competence design rationale deskilling institutional memory knowledge market knowledge society knowledge spillover knowledge transfer learning organization organizational learning personal knowledge management retraining transfer of learning transferable skill transferable skills analysis phrases i know that i know nothing knowledge is power there are unknown unknowns people knowledge worker chief knowledge officer virtual team communities of innovation community of practice community of interest journals journal of knowledge management knowledge management research practice retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title knowledge_market oldid 1367040677 categories knowledge management knowledge markets information economy market economics hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from december 2017 articles with permanently dead external links cs1 maint location cs1 errors missing periodical cs1 maint deprecated archival service all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from february 2025 commons category link is locally defined this page was last edited on 31 july 2026 at 15 58 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available un...