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ideas and aesthetic sensibilities 12 taking aesthetic sensibility as an example for a creative director it is a visual imagery whether still or moving via a camera lens and for a software programmer it is the innovative technical expertise in which the software is written other sector related creative applications include an emotional connection in the advertising sector and the power of expression and sensitivity in the it software sector terms such as general sponge social chameleon and in tune with the zeitgeist were identified which the creative knowledge workers used to identify emotionally with their potential audience in ad making from the it software perspective creative knowledge workers used a sensitivity creative application to ascertain business intelligence and as a measurement of information the software worker might obtain from various parties 12 creative workers also require abilities and aptitudes passion for one s job was generic to the roles investigated in the two sectors and for copywriters this passion was identified with fun enjoyment and happiness in carrying out the role alongside attributes such as honesty regarding the product confidence and patience in finding the appropriate copy as with the other roles a creative worker in software programming requires team working and interpersonal skills in order to communicate effectively with those from other disciplinary backgrounds and training as regards the managerial roles of creative directing and systems programme managing the abilities to create a vision for the job in hand to convince strategize execute and plan towards the eventual completion of the given task such as a campaign or a software are necessary capacities 12 linking these abilities and capacities are collaborative ways of working which the findings from this study have identified the two modes of working ranged from individual to collaborative where a worker might be doing either or both depending on the specific activity the abilities to traverse between these two work modes alongside the relevant creative application are part of the complexity of this style of working creative workers also require an understanding of various forms of knowledge 12 these are related to disciplines such as those from the humanities e g literature and the creative arts such as painting and music e g popular and classical varieties creative knowledge workers also require technical related knowledge such as mathematics and computer sciences e g software engineering and physical sciences e g physics though there are distinctions in the two sectors in the it software sector technical knowledge of software languages is especially significant for programmers as ascertained in the findings however the degree of technical expertise may be less for a programme manager as only knowledge of the relevant software language is necessary to understand the issues for communicating with the team of developers and testers the technical know how for a creative director relates only to the understanding of the possibilities of technologies such as graphics and typography in order to capitalise on the technical wizardry the technical specialists are then required to execute the creative director s vision the above types of disciplinary knowledge may appear in explicit formats which can be learnt from formal programmes at teaching institutions such as higher education and professional institutions alongside other skills and abilities relating to presentation communication and team working as ascertained in the findings there was other non disciplinary knowledge which was not explicit but tacit in nature interviewees mentioned tacit experiences from their past work and life experiences which they used to draw upon in performing their creative knowledge work this form of knowledge was harnessed collectively as a team of an advertising campaign or a software programme this collaborative approach to working especially with roles such as creative directing and software programme managing requires tacit knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses and the needs and wants of the related team members knowledge of psychology this form of working may occur within the organisation as a stand alone group for a specific project in the organisation or as a sub contracted team outside the organisation within this role creative knowledge workers may perform their activities individually and or collectively as part of their contribution to the project the findings also brought out some characteristics of collaborative working such as the varieties of stakeholders such as sub contracted groups and the indirect relationships between clients workers of an ad agency and consumers 12 a more recent approach to the definitional problem was proposed by de sordi and colleagues 2021 who analyzed 223 academic articles published between 2001 and 2019 to identify inaccuracies in the use of the term the researchers proposed a distinction based on the mechanisms of exploration and exploitation derived from organizational innovation theory the term knowledge worker applies to professionals whose work is highlighted by the continuous systematic and predominant expansion of organizational knowledge through the mechanism of exploration this sets knowledge workers apart from other workers who deal with existing knowledge information workers and whose tasks predominantly involve the exploitation of organizational knowledge 13 according to this framework knowledge workers are characterized by experimentation discovery and innovation activities while information workers focus on implementation application and efficiency in the use of existing knowledge history edit the term knowledge work appeared in the landmarks of tomorrow 1959 by peter drucker 14 drucker later coined the term knowledge worker in the effective executive 15 in 1966 later in 1999 he suggested that the most valuable asset of a 21st century institution whether business or non business will be its knowledge workers and their productivity 16 paul alfred weiss 1960 17 said that knowledge grows like organisms with data serving as food to be assimilated rather than merely stored popper 1963 full citation needed stated there is always an increasing need for knowledge to grow and progress continually whether tacit polanyi 1976 full citation needed or explicit toffler 1990 full citation needed observed that typical knowledge workers especially r d scientists and engineers in the age of knowledge economy must have some system at their disposal to create process and enhance their own knowledge in some cases they would also need to manage the knowledge of their co workers nonaka 1991 18 described knowledge as the fuel for innovation but was concerned that many managers failed to understand how knowledge could be leveraged companies are more like living organisms than machines he argued and most viewed knowledge as a static input to the corporate machine nonaka advocated a view of knowledge as renewable and changing and that knowledge workers were the agents for that change knowledge creating companies he believed should be focused primarily on the task of innovation this laid the foundation for the new practice of knowledge management or km which evolved in the 1990s to support knowledge workers with standard tools and processes savage 1995 describes a knowledge focus as the third wave of human socio economic development the first wave was the agricultural age with wealth defined as ownership of land 19 in the second wave the industrial age wealth was based on ownership of capital i e factories in the knowledge age wealth is based upon the ownership of knowledge and the ability to use that knowledge to create or improve goods and services product improvements include cost durability suitability timeliness of delivery and security using data citation needed in the knowledge age 2 of the working population will work on the land 10 will work in industry and the rest will be knowledge workers 19 21st century edit davenport 2005 says that the rise of knowledge work has actually been foreseen for years 2 4 he points to the fact that fritz machlup did a lot of the early work on both knowledge as well as knowledge work roles and as early as 1958 stated that the sector was growing much faster than the rest of the economy with knowledge workers making up almost a third of the workforce in the united states 2 4 according to the organization for economic co operation and development 1981 by the beginning of the 1970s around 40 percent of the working population in the usa and canada were classified to the information sector whereas in most other oecd countries the figures were still considerably lower 4 118 as of 2016 an average of 1 9 million knowledge worker positions had been added every year since 1980 more than any other type of role 20 tapscott 2006 sees a strong on going linkage between knowledge workers and innovation but the pace and manner of interaction have become more advanced 21 he describes social media tools on the internet that now drive more powerful forms of collaboration knowledge workers engage in peer to peer knowledge sharing across organizational and company boundaries forming networks of expertise some of these are open to the public while he echoes concern over copyright and intellectual property law being challenged in the marketplace he feels strongly that businesses must engage in collaboration to survive he sees on going alliance of public government and private commercial teams to solve problems referencing the open source linux operating system along with the human genome project 21 as examples where knowledge is being freely exchanged with commercial value being realized palmer 2014 22 researched knowledge worker productivity and work patterns part of this research has involved the analysis of how an average knowledge worker spends their day he notes that effective and efficient knowledge work relies on the smooth navigation of unstructured processes and the elaboration of custom and one off procedures as we move to the 21st century business model the focus must be on equipping knowledge workers with tools and infrastructure that enable communication and information sharing such as networking e mail content management and increasingly social media 22 palmer points to the emergence of adaptive case management also known as dynamic or advanced case management representing the paradigm shift triggered by the appearance from adapting business practices to the design of it systems to building systems that reflect how work is actually performed due to the rapid global expansion of information based transactions and interactions being conducted via the internet there has been an ever increasing demand for a workforce that is capable of performing these activities knowledge workers are now estimated to outnumber all other workers in north america by at least a four to one margin 23 4 while knowledge worker roles overlap heavily with professions that require college degrees the comprehensive nature of knowledge work in today s connected workplace requires virtually all workers to obtain these skills at some level to that end the public education and community college systems have become increasingly focused on lifelong learning to ensure students receive skills necessary to be productive knowledge workers in the 21st century many of the knowledge workers currently entering the workforce are from the generation x demographic vague these new knowledge workers value lifelong learning over lifelong employment 24 they seek employability over employment and value career over self reliance elsdon and iyer 1999 full citation needed where baby boomers are proficient in specified knowledge regarding a specific firm generation x knowledge workers acquire knowledge from many firms and take that knowledge with them from company to company 24 roles edit knowledge workers bring benefits to organizations in a variety of ways these include analyzing data to establish relationships assessing input in order to evaluate complex or conflicting priorities identifying and understanding trends making connections understanding cause and effect ability to brainstorm thinking broadly divergent thinking ability to drill down creating more focus convergent thinking producing a new capability creating or modifying a strategy these knowledge worker contributions are in contrast with activities that they would typically not be asked to perform including transaction processing routine tasks simple prioritization of work there is a set of transitional tasks which include roles that are seemingly routine but that require deeper technology product or customer knowledge to fulfill the function these include providing technical or customer support handling unique customer issues addressing open ended inquiries generally if the knowledge can be retained knowledge worker contributions will serve to expand the knowledge assets of a company while it can be difficult to measure this increases the overall value of its intellectual capital in cases where the knowledge assets have commercial or monetary value companies may create patents around their assets at which point the material becomes restricted intellectual property in these knowledge intensive situations knowledge workers play a direct vital role in increasing the financial value of a company they can do this by finding solutions on how they can find new ways to make profits this can also be related with market and research davenport 2005 says that even if knowledge workers are not a majority of all workers they do have the most influence on their economies 2 he adds that companies with a high volume of knowledge workers are the most successful and fastest growing in leading economies including the united states reinhardt et al s 2011 review of current literature shows that the roles of knowledge workers across the workforce are incredibly diverse in two empirical studies they have proposed a new way of classifying the roles of knowledge workers and the knowledge actions they perform during their daily work 3 150 the typology of knowledge worker roles suggested by them are controller helper learner linker networker organizer retriever sharer solver and tracker 3 160 role description typical knowledge actions expected existence of the role in literature controller people who monitor the organizational performance based on raw information analyze dissemination information organization monitoring moore and rugullies 2005 full citation needed geisler 2007 full citation needed helper people who transfer information to teach others once they passed a problem authoring analyze dissemination feedback information search learning networking davenport and prusak 1998 25 learner people who use information and practices to improve personal skills and competence acquisition analyze expert...