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Text of the page (random words):
rks boxes or other symbols instead of braille characters korean writing systems hangul new korean orthography hanja gukja yakja kugyŏl idu hyangch al mixed script braille transcription mccune reischauer romanization of korean north korea ala lc romanization for korean revised romanization south korea bok moon kim romanization ko kontsevich cyrillic kholodovich system ru cyrillic transliteration yale scholar iso tr 11941 unicode iso v t e korean braille is the braille alphabet of the korean language it is not graphically related to other braille scripts found around the world instead it reflects the patterns found in hangul and differentiates initial consonants vowels and final consonants history edit the first tactile encoding of hangul was developed by rosetta sherwood hall in 1897 it used a cell 4 dots wide by 2 dots high like new york point 6 dot braille was adapted to korean by park du seong in 1926 there have since been a number of revisions the current form was announced in 1994 charts edit it features characters for grammatical devices and punctuation numerals are similar to those of other braille systems consonants edit consonants have different syllable initial and final variants capturing some of the feel of hangul the initial and final variants have the same shapes but are shifted across the braille block there are two patterns the consonants that span the width of the block are shifted one space downward when final those that do not span the width of the block are on the right side of the block when initial but on the left side when final the sibilants ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ all have a bottom dot while the other aspirated consonants ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ all have angled forms no consonant occupies more than two rows roman g n d r m b s j ch k t p h ng hangul ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ ㅇ initial final there is no initial version of ng initial ieung in hangul is not written in korean braille however the expected form is reserved and may not serve other basic uses such as punctuation but it is used in contractions see below the heavy double consonants are written by prefixing an s an old hangul convention in initial position they are 1 ㅆ ss ㄲ kk ㄸ tt ㅃ pp ㅉ jj vowels edit all vowels span the width and height of the block because the consonants are specifically syllable initial or syllable final a syllable that begins with a vowel causes no confusion when written without ieung the simpler vowels reflect the symmetries of hangul the yin yang pairs a eo and o u are related through inversion and yotization of a eo o u is indicated by reflecting the vowel this creates a different pattern of symmetry than in hangul the graphically similar hangul letters i and eu are also related by reflection the w in wa wo is indicated by making the left side of the block solid essentially a conflation of o and a for wa and of u and eo for wo while the i in ui oe is shown by making the right side solid however the diphthongs e ae and their yotized variants show no such patterns four diphthongs are represented with two braille blocks by adding to the appropriate vowel for the final element i roman a ya eo yeo o yo u yu eu i e ae ye hangul ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ ㅔ ㅐ ㅖ braille roman ui wa wo oe yae wae we wi hangul ㅢ ㅘ ㅝ ㅚ ㅒ ㅙ ㅞ ㅟ braille contractions edit korean braille defines several cells as consonant vowel or vowel consonant sequences these may be used alone as syllables or combined with another initial or final consonant for a longer syllable many are the braille cell for an initial consonant with an assumed vowel a added for example initial s on its own is read sa while initial s followed by final m is read sam some make use of otherwise unused cells while some are multi cell abbreviations often using malformed consonant clusters or consonant vowel combinations otherwise abbreviated roman ga na da ma ba sa ja ka ta pa ha ss eog ong hangul 가 나 다 마 바 사 자 카 타 파 하 ㅆ 억 옹 braille roman ul og yeon un on eon eol yeol in yeong 2 eul eun geos hangul 울 옥 연 운 온 언 얼 열 인 영 2 을 은 것 braille roman geureona geureomyeon geuraeseo geureonde geureomeuro geurigo geurihayeo hangul 그러나 그러면 그래서 그런데 그러므로 그리고 그리하여 braille punctuation edit print braille print braille formatting edit print number roman braille as in most braille scripts is prefixed to digits which are the same as in english braille is prefixed to the 26 basic roman letters in the same way references edit unesco 2013 world braille usage 3rd edition 1 2 엉 eong after s ss j jj and ch sources edit korean braille library archived 2023 05 13 at the wayback machine in korean chart is here v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing vibratese related topics accessible publishing braille literacy robobraille v t e korean language history proto koreanic han puyŏ old korean 10th century baekje buyeo gaya goguryeo mahan okjeo sillan ye maek middle korean 10 16th century goryeo joseon early modern korean 17 18th century joseon modern korean 19th century present joseon north korea south korea standard south korea pyojuneo north korea munhwaŏ dialects south korea chungcheong dialect gangwon dialect yeongdong dialect yeongseo dialect gyeonggi seoul dialect gyeongsang dialect jeolla dialect north korea hamgyŏng dialect hwanghae dialect pyongan dialect yukjin dialect outside korea chinese korean koryo mar zainichi korean koreanic languages jeju language writing system korean braille hangul consonant and vowel tables punctuation hanja gugyeol hyangchal idu mixed script transcription into korean cyrillization and romanization iso tr 11941 cyrillization of korean mccune reischauer revised yale grammar phonology count word honorifics numerals postpositions pronouns speech levels verbs literature gasa hyangga sijo yongbieocheonga samguk sagi placename glosses other topics koreanic languages international circle of korean linguistics konglish list of konglish terms list of english words of korean origin national institute of korean language north south differences in the korean language sino korean vocabulary v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american 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