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he liquor storage tanks from pines the average yield of turpentine is 5 10 kg t pulp and of crude tall oil is 30 50 kg t pulp 27 volatile organosulfur compounds are byproducts especially methyl mercaptan dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide these species result from the demethylation of methyl ethers which are prevalent in lignin 1 the sulfur dioxide emissions of kraft pulp mills are much lower than those from sulfite mills in the ambient air outside a typical modern kraft pulp mill the sulfur dioxide odour is perceivable only during disturbance situations for example when the mill is shut down for maintenance or during an extended power outage control of odours is achieved through the collection and burning of these odorous gases in the recovery boiler alongside the black liquor in modern mills where well dried solids are burned in the recovery boiler little sulfur dioxide leaves the boiler at high boiler temperatures the residues from the black liquor droplets react with sulfur dioxide thereby effectively scavenging it by forming odourless sodium sulfate 28 pulp mills are almost always located near large bodies of water due to their substantial demand for water delignification of chemical pulps can release considerable amounts of organic material into rivers or lakes the wastewater effluent has a high biological oxygen demand bod and dissolved organic carbon doc other polluting components are chlorates heavy metals and chelating agents the effluents can be treated in a biological effluent treatment plant 1 6 non primary source needed 5 non primary source needed pulp and paper mills sometimes use chlorine bleaches this chlorine can also lead to the emission of chlorocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride 29 see also edit h factor johan richter kappa number organosolv paper chemicals soda pulping further reading edit blechschmidt j heinemann s putz h j laufmann m kogler w gliese t auhorn wj 15 january 2012 paper and board 2 raw materials for paper and board manufacture ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry weinheim germany wiley vch doi 10 1002 14356007 o18_o10 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link gustafsson j alén r engström j korpinen r kuusisto p leavitt a olsson k piira j samuelsson a sundquist j 2011 pulping in fardim pedro ed book 6 chemical pulping part 1 fibre chemistry and technology 2nd ed espoo finland peachtree corners ga paperi ja puu oy ffpea pp 187 381 isbn 9789525216417 retrieved 22 june 2026 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link ffpea abbreviates the english translation of the finnish puunjalostus insinöörit as finnish forest products engineers association paulapuro h gullichsen j fogelholm c j 1999 fardim pedro ed book 6a chemical pulping papermaking science and technology 1st ed helsinki finland fapet oy tappi isbn 9525216063 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link see also isbn 9525216004 at google books clayton d w jtcpi 1969 the chemistry of alkaline pulping in macdonald r g franklin j n ed pulp and paper manufacture the pulping of wood vol 1 2nd ed columbus oh mcgraw hill joint textbook committee of the paper industry jtcpi pp 347 438 oclc 867778880 retrieved 27 june 2026 cite book cs1 maint multiple names editors list link references edit 1 2 3 4 ragnar m henriksson g lindström m e wimby m blechschmidt j heinemann s 2014 pulp ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry weinheim germany wiley vch doi 10 1002 14356007 a18_545 pub4 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 clayton d w jtcpi 1969 the chemistry of alkaline pulping in macdonald r g franklin j n ed pulp and paper manufacture the pulping of wood vol 1 2nd ed columbus oh mcgraw hill joint textbook committee of the paper industry jtcpi pp 347 438 esp 349 oclc 867778880 retrieved 27 june 2026 p 349 the kraft or sulphate process in the kraft process a mixture of sodium sulphide and sodium hydroxide is used to pulp the wood the sulphide accelerates the delignification consequently the chips are exposed to the hot alkali for a shorter time than in the soda process and this makes it possible to produce a pulp of much greater strength than soda pulp according to strachan citing ref 7 strachan j in discussion of grant j 1941 proc tech sect paper makers assoc gt brit ireland 22 9 experiments in england during the napoleonic wars i e 1805 1814 established that the addition of sulphur and sulphides would accelerate the alkaline pulping of straw but the first patents in the use of sulphides in the pulping of wood are those of eaton in the united states in 1870 and 1871 citing ref 8 a k eaton u s patents 106 143 aug 9 1870 119 224 sept 26 1871 in spite of these c f dahl of danzig germany is usually credited with the development of the kraft or sulphate process in 1879 he began to substitute sodium sulphate salt cake for the soda ash sodium carbonate used to replace the alkali lost in cooking straw the sodium sulphate had of course been reduced to sodium sulphide in the recovery furnace the results were at first unsatisfactory however and it was not until 1884 that dahl obtained a patent citing ref 9 c f dahl u s patents 296 935 apr 15 1884 the patent was soon applied to coniferous woods and in 1885 the first kraft paper was produced at the munksjõ mill in jõnkoping sweden apparently because owing to an error a digester was blown before the chips were fully cooked instead of discarding the chips the mill manager ordered them to be passed through a kollergang to make an inferior grade of paper the resulting pulp made a paper which though dark in color was far stronger than any paper hitherto known it was given the name kraft which is swedish and also german for strength cite book cs1 maint multiple names editors list link both capitalized and lowercase spelling kraft process and kraft process appear in the literature but kraft is most commonly used in the pulp and paper industry citation needed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 biermann christopher j 1993 essentials of pulping and papermaking san diego ca academic press pp 55 100 esp 59 86ff isbn 012097360x retrieved 27 june 2026 1 2 hoffman e lyons j boxall j robertson c lake c b walker t r 2017 spatiotemporal assessment quarter century of pulp mill metal loid contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions environmental monitoring and assessment 189 6 257 doi 10 1007 s10661 017 5952 0 hdl 10222 81730 pmid 28478542 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link non primary source needed 1 2 hoffman e bernier m blotnicky b golden p g janes j kader a walker t r 2015 assessment of public perception and environmental compliance at a pulp and paper facility a canadian case study environmental monitoring and assessment 187 12 766 doi 10 1007 s10661 015 4985 5 pmid 26590146 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link non primary source needed now gdańsk poland the city state of danzig was the a part of germanic prussia at that time citation needed 1 2 e sjöström 1993 wood chemistry fundamentals and applications academic press isbn 0 12 647480 x page needed woodman jocelyn epa oppt cantin jeff erg inc epa erg staffs august 1993 pollution prevention technologies for the bleached kraft segment of the u s pulp and paper industry contract report washington dc lexington ma office of pollution prevention and toxics u s environmental protection agency epa oppt erg inc pp 4 16ff contract no 68 c0 0068 retrieved 27 june 2026 via national environmental publications internet site nepis cite web cs1 maint multiple names authors list link cs1 maint year link nepis epa document epa 600 r 95 110 indicating co sponsorship by the epa office of environmental engineering and technology demonstration ragauskas arthur j 23 october 2021 11 march 2016 lignin basics of kraft pulping pdf biorefinery utk dept of cbe biorefinery utk edu knoxville tn university of tennessee knoxville utk dept of chemical and biomolecular engineering cbe archived from the original pdf on 23 october 2021 retrieved 22 june 2026 originally archived on 11 march 2016 the link at the utk biorefinery site technical reviews collection directs instead to this 23 october 2021 archived document its authorship is inferred but unstated ragauskas is a faculty member at utk has been the prominently featured director of utk s biorefinery since 2014 and is the name that appears in the url of the technical reviews collection note the title lignin appears on the work itself the title basics of kraft pulping is the title contained at the review collection and in its link equipment to handle heavy black liquor archived from the original on 20 april 2005 retrieved 9 october 2007 full citation needed hsieh jeffery s smith jason b second critical solids black liquor scaling pdf pulp and paper engineering school of chemical engineering georgia institute of technology archived from the original pdf on 31 august 2011 retrieved 9 october 2007 us granted 5527427 mualla berksoy yaman boluk high solids black liquor of reduced viscosity and viscosity reduction method for high solids black liquor issued 18 june 1996 assigned to optima specialty chemicals technology inc quinde augusto the role of sulfidicity during kraft pulping pulp and paper canada giddings j f roll d r cappellino c a day m nardone r a 2008 12 12 4 in karassik i messina j cooper p heald c eds pump handbook 4th ed new york mcgraw hill isbn 9780071460446 archived from the original on 4 march 2013 retrieved 21 february 2013 jeffries tom 27 march 1997 kraft pulping energy consumption and production university of wisconsin biotech center archived from the original on 28 september 2011 retrieved 21 october 2007 chemrec web site retrieved 7 january 2011 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link full citation needed schubert david m 2015 boric oxide boric acid and borates ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry pp 1 32 doi 10 1002 14356007 a04_263 pub2 isbn 978 3 527 30385 4 environmental comparison of bleached kraft pulp manufacturingtechnologies pdf archived from the original pdf on 18 december 2004 retrieved 28 september 2007 full citation needed goyal gopal c 1997 anthraquinone pulping a tappi press anthology of published papers 1977 1996 atlanta tappi press isbn 0 89852 340 0 page needed tall oil and tall oil soap recovery pdf archived from the original pdf on 5 march 2012 retrieved 19 december 2008 full citation needed hubbe martin a lucian a lucia 2007 the love hate relationship present in lignocellulosic materials bioresources 2 4 534 535 doi 10 15376 biores 2 4 534 535 retrieved 3 february 2015 mechanical pulping vs chemical pulping which one is better yuanhua paper full citation needed high performance paper materials pulp cellulose derivatives yuanhua paper full citation needed das tapas k houtman carl december 2004 evaluating chemical mechanical and bio pulping processes and their sustainability characterization using life cycle assessment pdf environmental progress 23 4 347 357 doi 10 1002 ep 10054 the southern pines pdf us department of agriculture 1985 archived from the original pdf on 9 july 2007 retrieved 13 september 2007 1 2 stenius per ed 2000 2 forest products chemistry papermaking science and technology vol 3 helsinki finland fapet oy pp 73 76 isbn 952 5216 03 9 hansen g a 1962 odor and fallout control in a kraft pulp mill journal of the air pollution control association 12 9 409 436 doi 10 1080 00022470 1962 10468107 pmid 13904415 hoffman emma guernsey judith r walker tony r kim jong sung sherren kate andreou pantelis 2017 pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in pictou county nova scotia environmental science and pollution research 24 25 20685 20698 doi 10 1007 s11356 017 9719 5 pmid 28712086 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to kraft process pulp and paper circle provides industry related information especially kraft mills to pulp and paper engineers and technologists us epa article on kraft pulping reference document on best available techniques in pulp and paper industry by european commission 2001 v t e paper paper engineering papermaking history paper ancestors bamboo and wooden slips barkcloth amate tapa birch bark palm leaf papyrus parchment vellum developers cai lun damjing matthias koops friedrich gottlob keller charles fenerty scholars timothy barrett thomas francis carter dard hunter tsien tsuen hsuin types of paper by plant fiber banana manila hemp cotton dung dó hemp lokta mulberry daluang hanji saa samarkand washi pith rice pulpwood rag india mummy xuan stone by process acidic acid free air laid blue cardboard cardstock corrugated fiberboard paperboard bristol crêpe glassine kraft laid ingres onionskin paper towel seed tissue toilet wasli wood free wove coated asphalt photographic rosin tar thermal wax by use bible blotting bond butcher construction display cartridge contact copy carbonless correction electrical insulation filteration inkjet newsprint origami parchment rolling ruled paper genkō yōshi graph security tracing transfer wallpaper writing materials kaolinite china clay fiber crop paper chemicals wood pulp specifications density grammage paper sizes surface chemistry of paper units of paper quantity wet strength manufacture and process paper machine calender conical refiner hollander beater paper recycling deinking pulp bleaching chlorine free pulping kraft organosolv soda sulfite paper industry environmental impact of paper paper industry canada europe india indonesia japan united states paper mill list uses blueprint papier mâché clothing watercolor paper paper money category commons authority control databases national united states latvia israel other yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title kraft_process oldid 1378642707 categories papermaking chemical processes pulp and paper industry 1879 in science 1879 in germany 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