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ainty but pagan finally became a tributary state sending tributes to the yuan court until the yuan dynasty fell to the ming dynasty in 1368 115 mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships kublai khan maintained close relations with siam in particular with prince mangrai of chiang mai and king ramkhamhaeng of sukhothai 116 in fact kublai encouraged them to attack the khmers following the southern retreat of the siamese from nanchao 116 117 118 this happened after king jayavarman viii of the khmer empire refused to pay tribute to the mongols 116 119 120 jayavarman viii was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to kublai that he had mongol envoys imprisoned 116 120 118 these attacks from the siamese eventually weakened the khmer empire the mongols then decided to venture south into cambodia in 1283 by land from champa 121 they were able to conquer cambodia by 1284 122 cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when jayavarman viii was finally forced to pay tribute to kublai 121 123 124 during the last years of his reign kublai launched a naval punitive expedition of 20 30 000 men against singhasari on java 1293 but the invading mongol forces were forced to withdraw by majapahit after considerable losses of more than 3 000 troops nevertheless by 1294 the year that kublai died the thai kingdoms of sukhothai and chiang mai had become vassal states of the yuan dynasty 114 europe edit main articles marco polo and rabban bar sauma further information europeans in medieval china kublai gives financial support to the polo family under kublai direct contact between east asia and europe was established made possible by mongol control of the central asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services at the beginning of the 13th century europeans and central asians merchants travelers and missionaries of different orders made their way to china the presence of mongol power allowed large numbers of yuan subjects intent on warfare or trade to travel to other parts of the mongol empire all the way to russia persia and mesopotamia 125 africa edit rabban bar sauma ambassador of kublai khan and ilkhan arghun traveled from dadu to rome tuscany genoa paris and bordeaux to meet with european rulers in 1287 1288 in the 13th century the sultanate of mogadishu through its trade with prior chinese regimes had acquired enough of a reputation in asia to attract the attention of kublai khan 126 according to marco polo kublai sent an envoy to mogadishu to spy out the sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned kublai khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier mongol delegation sent to africa 127 capital city edit the white stupa of dadu or khanbaliq now beijing after kublai khan was proclaimed khagan at his residence in shangdu on 5 may 1260 he began to organize the country zhang wenqian a central government official was sent by kublai in 1260 to daming where unrest had been reported in the local population a friend of zhang s guo shoujing accompanied him on this mission guo was interested in engineering was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker and understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments guo began to construct astronomical instruments including water clocks for accurate timing and armillary spheres that represented the celestial globe turkestani architect ikhtiyar al din also known as igder designed the buildings of the city of the khagan khanbaliq dadu 128 kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital one of them a newar named araniko built the white stupa that was the largest structure in khanbaliq dadu 129 zhang advised kublai that guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation transport of grain and flood control and he asked guo to look at these aspects in the area between dadu now beijing and the yellow river to provide dadu with a new supply of water guo found the baifu spring in mount shen and had a 30 km 19 mi channel built to move water to dadu he proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins built new canals with sluices to control the water level and achieved great success with the improvements he made this pleased kublai and guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country in 1264 he was asked to go to gansu to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the mongol advance through the region guo traveled extensively along with his friend zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its efficiency he sent his report directly to kublai khan citation needed nayan s rebellion edit during the conquest of the jin dynasty genghis khan s younger brothers received large appanages in manchuria 130 their descendants strongly supported kublai s coronation in 1260 but the younger generation desired more independence kublai enforced ögedei khan s regulations that the mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the great khan s special officials in their appanages but otherwise respected appanage rights kublai s son manggala established direct control over chang an and shanxi in 1272 in 1274 kublai appointed lian xixian to investigate abuses of power by mongol appanage holders in manchuria 131 the region called lia tung was immediately brought under the khagan s control in 1284 eliminating autonomy of the mongol nobles there 132 a yuan dynasty jade belt plaque featuring carved designs of the azure dragon highly regarded as a symbol of yuan china s maritime strength threatened by the advance of kublai s bureaucratization nayan a fourth generation descendant of one of genghis khan s brothers either temüge or belgutei instigated a revolt in 1287 more than one prince named nayan existed and their identity is confused 133 nayan tried to join forces with kublai s competitor kaidu in central asia 134 manchuria s native jurchens and water tatars who had suffered a famine supported nayan virtually all the fraternal lines under hadaan a descendant of hachiun and shihtur a grandson of qasar joined nayan s rebellion 135 and because nayan was a popular prince ebugen a grandson of genghis khan s son khulgen and the family of khuden a younger brother of güyük khan contributed troops for this rebellion 136 the rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership kublai sent bayan to keep nayan and kaidu apart by occupying karakorum while kublai led another army against the rebels in manchuria kublai s commander oz temür s mongol force attacked nayan s 60 000 inexperienced soldiers on 14 june while ethnic han and alan guards under li ting protected kublai the army of chungnyeol of goryeo assisted kublai in battle after a hard fight nayan s troops withdrew behind their carts and li ting began bombardment and attacked nayan s camp that night kublai s force pursued nayan who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed by being smothered under felt carpets a traditional way of executing princes 136 meanwhile the rebel prince shikqtur invaded liaoning but was defeated within a month kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle however kaidu defeated a major yuan army in the khangai mountains and briefly occupied karakorum in 1289 kaidu had ridden away before kublai could mobilize a larger army 40 widespread but uncoordinated uprisings of nayan s supporters continued until 1289 these were ruthlessly repressed the rebel princes troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family 137 kublai harshly punished the darughachi appointed by the rebels in mongolia and manchuria 138 this rebellion forced kublai to approve the creation of the liaoyang branch secretariat on 4 december 1287 while rewarding loyal fraternal princes citation needed later years edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed april 2012 learn how and when to remove this message in ilkhanate persia ghazan converted to islam and recognized kublai khan as his suzerain kublai khan dispatched his grandson gammala to burkhan khaldun in 1291 to ensure his claim to ikh khorig where genghis was buried a sacred place strongly protected by the kublaids bayan was in control of karakorum and was re establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293 so kublai s rival kaidu did not attempt any large scale military action for the next three years from 1293 on kublai s army cleared kaidu s forces from the central siberian plateau citation needed after his wife chabi died in 1281 kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers and he issued instructions through one of his other queens nambui only two of kublai s daughters are known by name he may have had others unlike the formidable women of his grandfather s day kublai s wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence kublai s original choice of successor was his son zhenjin who became the head of the zhongshu sheng and actively administered the dynasty according to confucian fashion nomukhan after returning from captivity in the golden horde expressed resentment that zhenjin had been made heir apparent but he was banished to the north an official proposed that kublai should abdicate in favor of zhenjin in 1285 a suggestion that angered kublai who refused to see zhenjin zhenjin died soon afterward in 1286 eight years before his father kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife bairam also known as kokejin citation needed kublai became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir zhenjin the failure of the military campaigns in vietnam and japan also haunted him kublai turned to food and drink for comfort became grossly overweight and suffered gout and diabetes the emperor overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat rich mongol diet which may have contributed to his gout kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family his poor health and his advancing age kublai tried every medical treatment available from korean shamans to vietnamese doctors and remedies and medicines but to no avail at the end of 1293 the emperor refused to participate in the traditional new year s ceremony before his death kublai passed the seal of crown prince to zhenjin s son temür who would become the next khagan of the mongol empire and the second ruler of the yuan dynasty seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness the palace staff could choose only bayan more than 30 years his junior kublai weakened steadily and on 18 february 1294 he died at the age of 78 two days later the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the khans in mongolia citation needed family edit see also family tree of genghis khan portrait of chabi a buddhist who was the khatun of kublai and empress of the mongol empire by a nepali artist araniko kublai first married tegulen but she died very early then he married chabi of the khongirad who was his most beloved empress after chabi s death in 1281 kublai married chabi s young cousin nambui presumably in accordance with chabi s wish 139 principal wives first and second ordos empress of the bosquur clan of khongirad 皇后弘吉剌氏 d 1233 140 personal name tegülün 帖古伦 daughter of tuolian 141 dorji 朵儿只 c 1233 d 1263 142 1st son empress zhaorui shunsheng of the bosquur clan of khongirad 昭睿順聖皇后 弘吉剌氏 1216 d 1281 143 personal name chabi 察必 yuelie grand princess of zhao 赵国大長月烈公主 2nd daughter married to ay buqa prince of zhao 趙王 and had issue four sons princess ulujin grand princess of chang state 昌国大长吾魯真公主 3rd daughter married to buqa from the ikires clan chalun grand princess of chang state 茶倫昌国大长公主 4th daughter married to teliqian from the ikires clan zhenjin crown prince mingxiao 明孝太子 真金 1240 1285 2nd son manggala prince of anxi 安西王 忙哥剌 c 1242 1280 3rd son öljei grand princess of lu 鲁国长完泽公主 5th daughter married to ulujin küregen of the bosquur clan of khongirad prince of lu and had issue one daughter nomughan prince of beiping 北平王 那木罕d 1301 4th son nangiajin grand princess of lu 鲁国大长囊家真公主 6th daughter married to ulujin küregen from khongirad clan temür from khongirad clan manzitai from khongirad clan kokechi prince of yunnan 雲南王 忽哥赤d 1271 6th son qutugh kelmysh queen jangmok of goryeo 忽都魯揭里迷失 莊穆王后 1251 1297 7th daughter married wang ko chungnyeol of goryeo and had issue 2 sons and 1 daughter empress of the bosquur clan of khongirad 皇后 弘吉剌氏 went missing 1294 144 personal name nambui 南必 daughter of nachen 145 temuchi 铁蔑赤 12th son 146 wives from third ordo empress of the unknown clan 塔剌海皇后 personal name talahai 塔剌海 empress of the unknown clan 奴罕皇后 personal name nuhan 奴罕 wives from fourth ordo empress of the bayauts clan 皇后 bayaujin 伯要兀真 daughter of boraqchin toghon prince of zhennan 脱欢 鎮南王 9th son empress of the unknown clan 皇后 personal name kökelün 阔阔伦 concubines lady babahan 八八罕妃子 lady sabuhu 撒不忽妃子 qoruqchin khatun daughter of qutuqu brother of toqto a beki from merkits qoridai commander of möngke in tibet 忽理台 5th son dörbejin khatun from dörben tribe aqruqchi prince of xiping 西平王 奥鲁赤 d 1306 8th son hüshijin khatun daughter of boroqul noyan ayachi commander of hexi corridor 爱牙赤 fl 1324 7th son kököchü prince of ning 宁王 阔阔出 fl 1313 9th son asujin khatun 阿速眞可敦 an unknown lady qutluq temür 忽都鲁帖木儿 fl 1324 11th son first daughter 147 ninth daughter married zhao xian and had issues a son poetry edit this section is about kublai khan s work as a poet for the poem by samuel taylor coleridge see kubla khan longevity hill in beijing where kublai khan wrote his poem laborers transporting construction materials to khanbaliq kublai was a prolific writer of chinese poetry although most of his works are now lost only one chinese poem written by him is included in the selection of yuan poetry 元詩選 titled inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to spring mountain it was translated into mongolian by the inner mongolian scholar b buyan in the same style as classical mongolian poetry and transcribed into cyrillic by ya ganbaatar it is said that once in spring kublai khan went to worship at a buddhist temple at the summer palace in western khanbaliq beijing and on his way back ascended longevity hill tumen nast uul in mongolian where he was filled with inspiration and wrote this poem 148 inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to spring mountain 陟玩春山記興 時膺韶景陟蘭峰 不憚躋攀謁粹容 花色映霞祥彩混 壚煙拂霧瑞光重 雨霑瓊干巖邊竹 風襲琴聲嶺際松 淨刹玉毫瞻禮罷 回程仙駕馭蒼龍 shí yīng sháo jǐng zhì lán fēng bú dàn jī pān yè cuì róng huā sè yìng xiá xiáng cǎi hùn lú yān fú wù ruì guāng chóng yǔ zhān qióng gàn yán biān zhú fēng xí qín shēng lǐng jì sōng jìng chà yù háo zhān lǐ bà huí chéng xiān jià yù cāng lóng this is translated buyan s mongolian translation havar tsagiin nairamduu...