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kukurá language wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 vocabulary 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents kukurá language 7 languages asturianu čeština español français avañe ẽ igbo português edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia spurious language invented in 1901 kukurá created by guzmán date 1901 setting and usage rio verde mato grosso do sul brazil ethnicity chavante purpose constructed language fraud kukurá sources guaraní partially language codes iso 639 3 none mis glottolog kuku1286 retired kukurá cucurá kokura is a spurious language supposedly spoken in the state of mato grosso do sul in brazil but fabricated by an interpreter in 1901 and subsequently erroneously presented as a distinct language the language was first reported to exist in 1931 in a paper published by the czech linguist čestmír loukotka its existence was debunked a year later by the german brazilian anthropologist curt nimuendajú nevertheless the language continued to appear in classifications until 2007 alberto vojtěch frič history edit when the czech explorer alberto vojtěch frič visited the rio verde in brazil in 1901 he took with him a kainguá man named guzmán who said he spoke the language of the local chavante people who were reported to have resided along the rio verde a word list was subsequently published for the so called kukurá language thought to be an isolate in 1931 by loukotka he also compared it with vocabulary from the ofayé otí and a number of tupi guarani languages due to the high incidence of words of tupi guarani origin he believed that they were loaned from the nearby kaiwá language a member of the tupi guarani language family 1 in 1932 nimuendajú who had visited the rio verde in 1909 and 1913 showed that guzmán s wordlist consisted half of made up words and half of mispronounced guaraní and that a language distinct from those which were actually spoken there could not have possibly existed there was no resemblance to the ofayé language that was actually spoken in the region excepting the kukurá word kaulalo black with ofayé kaõrá id he thus concluded that the vocabulary had been fabricated by guzmán 2 guzmán had also falsified other vocabularies for which he was the informant 3 334 despite the debunking of the language s existence it was still reported by loukotka and the french linguist paul rivet s 1952 classification grouping kukurá as one of their 109 independent families 4 1131 antonio tovar s 1961 classification 5 110 loukotka s subsequent 1968 classification in which he classified kukurá as a language isolate one of his 117 language isolates and families 6 83 joseph greenberg s 1987 language in the americas 7 78 which classified kukurá as a macro carib language along with the real andoque boran witotoan peba yaguan and cariban languages in the ge pano carib subgroup of his univerally rejected 3 334 amerind language family 8 280 and in american linguist terrence kaufman s 1994 2007 classifications of south american languages in which he also presented kukurá as a language isolate 9 70 10 73 vocabulary edit the original 31 word vocabulary published by loukotka 1931 is presented below 1 gloss kukura to attach auguka chief maravisá cotton mandadiu finger tikua pain timarasahia enemy kuarema sparrowhawk zumbi face tiravua woman monše ant tain boy uhdinambú people we kukura hammock bed holto man tiemé tongue kasti long lar moon malahan house aul honey lipeta mosquito inape nose šapingua black kaulalo to speak imahgeta stone tatahü red tipoil tapir murari toucan tukan to kill adžika vulture uruhua old zari come here kaiem according to nimuendajú 1932 words number 2 to 5 8 10 14 18 21 23 and 26 to 30 were derived from poorly pronounced guarani and the rest were all fabricated 2 see also edit oti language ofayé language xavante language uamué language with a vocabulary similarly fabricated by informants references edit 1 2 loukotka čestmír 1931 les indiens kukura du río verde matto grosso brésil journal de la société des américanistes 23 1 121 125 doi 10 3406 jsa 1931 1087 1 2 nimuendajú curt 1932 a propos des indiens kukura du rio verde brésil journal de la société des américanistes 24 1 187 189 1 2 campbell l 2024 phantom false and spurious languages of south america the indigenous languages of the americas history and classification oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 767346 1 retrieved 2025 03 01 rivet p loukotka č 1952 langues de l amérique du sud et des antilles in meillet a cohen m eds les langues du monde par un groupe de linguistes paris centre national de la recherche scientifique tovar antonio 1961 catálogo de las lenguas de américa del sur enumeración con indicaciones tipológicas bibliografía y mapas buenos aires editorial sudamericana loukotka čestmír 1968 wilbert johannes ed classification of south american indian languages pdf 4th ed latin american center ucla latin american center university of california los angeles isbn 978 0879031077 greenberg joseph h 1987 language in the americas stanford calif stanford university press isbn 978 0 8047 1315 3 ruhlen merritt an amerind etymological dictionary pdf an amerind etymological dictionary gorgias press isbn 978 1 4632 4904 5 retrieved 2026 05 13 moseley christopher asher ronald e 1994 atlas of the world s languages london routledge isbn 978 0 415 01925 5 kaufman terrence 2007 south america in asher r e moseley christopher eds atlas of the world s languages 2nd ed london routledge pp 59 94 isbn 978 0 415 31074 1 v t e constructed languages classification artistic fictional language game international auxiliary zonal engineered experimental musical philosophical specific languages by group international auxiliary babm blissymbols communicationssprache esperanto arcaicam esperanto ii ido reformed universal other esperantidos glosa interglossa idiom neutral intal interlingua interlingue international sign kotava langue nouvelle latino sine flexione lingua franca nova lingua sistemfrater lingwa de planeta mondial neo nal bino novial pasilingua sambahsa solresol sona unish universalglot uropi volapük zonal afrihili budinos efatese eurolengo guosa ortatürk pan germanic language tutonish pan romance language neolatino romance romanid pan slavic language interslavic iazychie runyakitara wede weltdeutsch engineered aui basic english dutton speedwords ithkuil kalaba x astrolinguistics lincos lingua generalis loglan logopandecteision lojban real character ro toki pona fictional and other artistic atlantean belter creole brithenig chakobsa dritok dothraki elvish languages enchanta kēlen kiliki klingon kobaïan láadan lapine loxian lydnevi mänti middle earth languages adûnaic quenya sindarin black speech khuzdul valarin westron naʼvi nadsat newspeak simlish spocanian star wars languages syldavian talossan teonaht tsolyáni utopian valyrian venedic verdurian wenja ritual and other balaibalan damin enochian eskayan kukurá lingua ignota medefaidrin myska palawa kani wayteka yerkish zaum neography constructed script esperanto orthography sitelen pona tolkien s scripts cirth sarati tengwar study esperantology a secret vice bridge of words conlanging the art of crafting tongues in the land of invented languages la ricerca della lingua perfetta nella cultura europea comparisons esperanto ido esperanto novial ido interlingua ido novial interlingue interlingua lojban loglan list of constructed languages list of language creators portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title kukurá_language oldid 1373570474 categories linguistic hoaxes spurious languages constructed languages introduced in the 1900s 1901 in brazil 1901 introductions hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata conlangs without iso 639 3 code articles containing uncoded language text articles containing ofayé language text articles containing constructed language text this page was last edited on 6 september 2026 at 18 02 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents kukurá language 7 languages add topic