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istianity in eastern europe 3 its printing house was an early part of the development of printing in ukraine etymology and other names edit ukrainian печера romanized pechera means lit cave which in turn derived from proto slavic реktera with the same meaning ukrainian лавра romanized lavra is used to describe high ranking male monasteries for monks of the eastern orthodox church therefore the name of the monastery is also translated as kyiv cave monastery kyiv caves monastery or the kyiv monastery of the caves from ukrainian на печерах citation needed history edit foundation and early history edit icon of saints anthony and theodosius founders of kyiv pechersk lavra the primary chronicle contains contradictory information as to when the monastery was founded in 1051 or in 1074 4 anthony a monk on mount athos originally from liubech of the principality of chernigov returned to rus and settled in kyiv as a missionary of monastic tradition to kyivan rus he chose a cave at the berestov mount that overlooked the dnipro river where metropolitan hilarion had reportedly resided during his youth 5 and a community of disciples soon grew prince iziaslav i of kyiv 1024 1078 ceded the whole mount to the anthonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from constantinople citation needed supported by numerous princes and boyars the monastery served as the most important centre of religion and culture in rus its monks produced important works of literature including the primary chronicle and kyiv caves patericon it also housed renowned builders and artists and the monastery life inspired numerous tales and legends at the same time it suffered from numerous attacks in 1096 the monastery was plundered by the cumans and in 1169 sacked by prince andrey bogolyubsky in 1203 it was once again plundered by forces of prince rurik rostislavich and his allies in 1240 the monastery fell victim to mongol invaders commanded by batu khan and in 1416 was burned down by forces of golden horde ruler edigey after being rebuilt by prince simeon olelkovich in 1470 it was once again burned by the tatars in 1482 6 5 at the kyiv pechersk lavra were buried some high importance personalities from the period when kyiv was a part of the grand duchy of lithuania prince of kyiv vladimir olgerdovich and his son aleksandras olelka the lithuanian and ruthenian grand duke švitrigaila feodor ostrogski uliana olshanska a second wife of the lithuanian grand duke vytautas the great and the lithuanian grand hetman konstanty ostrogski known for commanding the grand ducal lithuanian army in the victorious battle of orsha 1514 versus the grand principality of moscow army 7 mayors of kyiv members of the szlachta and cossack starshyna as well as church hierarchs also found their burial place in the monastery 6 baroque era and russian rule edit the near caves of the kyiv pechersk lavra sketch by the dutch artist abraham van westerveld made in 1651 following reconstruction during the second half of 16th century the monastery received rights of stauropegion from the patriarch of constantinople and started bearing the name of lavra during that period six separate monasteries were united under its leadership after the union of brest the monastery became an object of dispute between the orthodox and catholic communities in 1613 the orthodox established their control after receiving support of the princely ostrogski family 5 in the 17th century under the leadership of archimandrites eliseus pletenetsky zacharias kopystensky and peter mohyla the monastery stood at the heart of ukrainian national identity kyiv caves patericon which was created by lavra s monks and soon became a popular reading around the whole eastern europe contributed to the emergence of the symbolic image of kyiv as a capital of eastern orthodoxy lavra s printing house established by pletenetskyi in the 1620s started the process of kyiv s cultural revival and the monastery s school founded by mohyla introduced european educational trends of the time leading to a radical reform of education during the baroque era kyiv pechersk lavra flourished as a centre of arts and spirituality and pilgrimage to kyiv was seen by some as more preferable than visiting jerusalem 6 according to a legend published by polemicist and preacher joannicius galiatovsky in 1630 the monastery was besieged by a polish army but the holy mother of god protected its monks by turning a fiery rain against the invaders 8 in 1631 a school was established at the monastery on the base of western educational establishments it would eventually formed with the brotherhood monastery school creating the kyiv mohyla academy 5 a lithograph of pechersk lavra kyiv 9 national gallery of art library washington d c despite the patronage of powerful figures including ivan mazepa and raphael zaborovsky the annexation of the metropolis of kyiv by the moscow patriarchate in 1685 started a process of subjugation of the monastery to russian imperial authority 10 in 1688 lavra became a stauropegion of the patriarch of moscow in 1718 a major fire damaged many of the monastery s buildings destroying its library and archive and in 1720 its printing house was subjected to strict government censorship 5 in 1722 by the decree of peter i of russia the metropolis of kyiv was lowered in status to an archbishopric which made it equal to other subdivisions of the russian synodal church in the following years russian religious traditions axiology and language were imposed on the orthodox church in ukraine 10 in 1786 the monastery s lands were secularized and its elected leadership was replaced with the metropolitan s appointees 5 under the russian rule pechersk lavra became a popular place of mass pilgrimage for both the common folk and figures of authority including the royal family during the late 19th century numerous guides for pilgrims visiting the monastery were published in tsarist russia contributing to its inclusion into the empire s symbolic space among prominent figures buried in lavra s walls under the russian rule are natalia dolgorukova pyotr rumyantsev and pyotr stolypin 10 6 during the 19th and early 20th centuries the monastery also served as the residence of metropolitans of kyiv and was known for producing myrrh for the whole russian empire by the time of revolution the lavra housed over 1200 monks 5 modern history edit ruins of the dormition cathedral in 1958 during the ukrainian revolution of the early 20th century attempts to ukrainize the lavra failed due to political instability 10 on 25 january 1918 metropolitan vladimir of kiev was tortured and murdered in the monastery by bolshevik troops in 1921 1922 many valuable objects were confiscated from the monastery by soviet authorities 5 eventually the monastery was disbanded and in 1926 a museum was opened on its territory 6 in 1934 the museum complex was disbanded and its artifacts distributed among various institutions 5 under german occupation religion services in the monastery were resumed 10 on 3 november 1941 the main dormition cathedral was blown up by soviet nkvd 11 soviet press would falsely accuse the germans of committing that act the demolition of the cathedral s ruins continued into the 1960s after a long period of reconstruction on 24 august 2000 the reconstructed dormition cathedral was solemnly reopened 6 starting from the end of the second world war the monastery resumed its activities as part of the russian orthodox church over 100 monks lived on lavra s premises until its next closure by the authorities in 1961 12 in 1988 activities of kyiv pechersk lavra were renewed as part of celebrations dedicated to the 1000th anniversary of the christianization of kievan rus during the early 1990s the monastery was headed by metropolitan filaret of kyiv whose residence was located on its premises however in 1992 ownership over the lavra was transferred to the ukrainian orthodox church moscow patriarchate with the support of kyiv s political leadership 10 under the management of the moscow patriarchate lavra became an epicentre of several scandals connected with its leadership s love for expensive cars and other attributes of wealth as well as its monks connections to russian fsb veneration of tsar nicholas ii and spread of anti ukrainian propaganda 6 a panorama of the monastery southward view together with the saint sophia cathedral the kyiv pechersk lavra has been inscribed as a unesco world heritage site since 1990 13 nb 1 the monastery complex is considered a separate national historic cultural preserve sanctuary the national status to which was granted on 13 march 1996 15 the lavra is not only located in another part of the city but is part of a different national sanctuary than saint sophia cathedral while being a cultural attraction the monastery is once again active with over 100 monks in residence citation needed it was named one of the seven wonders of ukraine on 21 august 2007 citation needed until the end of 2022 jurisdiction over the site had been divided between the state museum national kyiv pechersk historic cultural preserve 16 and the ukrainian orthodox church moscow patriarchate uoc mp as the site of the chief monastery of that church and the residence of its leader onufrius metropolitan of kyiv and all ukraine 17 18 in january 2023 the ukrainian government terminated the uoc mp s lease of the dormition cathedral and the refectory church also known as the trapezna church returning those properties to direct state control 19 20 it also announced that the orthodox church of ukraine ocu had been granted permission to celebrate a christmas service in the dormition cathedral on 7 january 2023 orthodox christmas by the old calendar 20 a service which was celebrated by metropolitan epiphanius of kyiv at 9am that day 21 the restored cathedral of the dormition in 2005 on 10 march 2023 the national kyiv pechersk historic cultural preserve announced that the 2013 agreement on the free use of churches by the uoc mp would be terminated on the grounds that the church had violated their lease by making alterations to the historic site and other technical infractions 22 23 the uoc mp was ordered to leave the territory by 29 march 23 the uoc mp answered back that there were no legal grounds for the eviction and called it a whim of officials from the ministry of culture 23 on 17 march 2023 dmitry peskov the press secretary for russian president vladimir putin stated that the decision of the ukrainian authorities not to extend this lease to representatives of the uoc mp confirms the correctness of the 24 february 2022 russian invasion of ukraine 23 the uoc mp did not fully leave kyiv pechersk lavra following 29 march 2023 24 25 on 23 july 2025 a religious service in the ukrainian language the first of its kind in many years was performed in the far caves of kyiv pechersk lavra by metropolitan epiphanius of kyiv 10 2026 drone attacks edit cathedral on fire 15 june 2026 the cathedral roof after the attack on 24 january 2026 a russian drone attack shattered windows and damaged two buildings of the complex marking the first time it sustained war related damage since world war ii 26 on 14 june 2026 a russian drone attack caused significant damage to the complex as part of a targeted attack that also damaged other cultural elements in kyiv 27 28 the damage likely from geran 2 drones the russian version of the iranian shahed type kamikaze drone 29 included destruction of a significant portion of the roof damage to the main dome and cupola and significant fires within the structure of the dormition cathedral 11 this was the first time the structure was targeted in an armed conflict since world war ii the security service of ukraine published photos of debris from the geran 2 drone 29 by 15 june the remains of two shahed type drones had been found at the unesco world heritage site by state security officials suggesting at least two drones targeted the kyiv pechersk lavra complex around 4 55 a m kyiv time 28 russia denied responsibility and blamed a us made patriot air defence missile 28 30 but the kremlin spokesperson offered no evidence of this claim 30 and no explanation why the remains of russian made shahed type geran 2 drones were found at the site instead 28 prime minister yulia svyrydenko of ukraine posted a photo of the burning monastery and wrote a brutal assault on our people and our heritage this is the true face of russia s orthodox values we ask for prayers for the salvation of the shrine from destruction another russian crime against humanity against history against christianity 28 ukraine s president volodymyr zelenskyy called it one of russia s most serious crimes against christian culture to date 28 30 adding it is vital that the world does not remain silent in the face of this latest act of russian barbarism 30 the attack on the lavra was widely condemned by european leaders with european commission president ursula von der leyen calling it pointless violence russia has once again shown that it is interested only in violence and destruction 30 french president emmanuel macron stated that nothing justifies this attack on our universal heritage 30 with france s european and foreign minister jean noël barrot adding it is as if notre dame or the cathedral of saint denis were to be bombed in france 30 28 eu foreign chief kaja kallas issued a statement qualifying the attacks on the monastery just like attacks on ukrainian civilians as war crimes announcing another round of sanctions against russia 30 the romanian patriarchate expressed deep concern and sadness regarding the attack that represents a loss for all of christianity and for the universal heritage of humanity 31 the ecumenical patriarchate of constantinople issued an official statement strongly condemning the attack characterizing it as an unacceptable and profane assault against a sacred monument of christianity s shared cultural heritage noting that no rational person and no argument can justify this barbaric destructive attack 32 33 on 15 june 2026 ecumenical patriarch bartholomew ι held telephone communications with both metropolitan epiphanius of kyiv and all ukraine and ukraine s president volodymyr zelenskyy during these calls the ecumenical patriarch expressed his abhorrence regarding the act of barbarism and disrespect conveying the complete support and solidarity of the mother church of constantinople to the war torn ukrainian people while also offering his condolences to the families of the victims and the injured 34 35 priors edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2023 learn how and when to remove this message the priors of kyiv pechersk lavra are listed below years names notes hegumens 1051 1062 antoniy founder of the pechersk lavra and pioneer of monasticism in ukraine 36 1062 1063 ...