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version of scsi target this article has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages a major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject it may require cleanup to comply with wikipedia s content policies particularly neutral point of view please discuss further on the talk page see our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article march 2013 learn how and when to remove this message this article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject potentially preventing it from being verifiable and neutral please help improve this article by replacing such sources with more appropriate citations to reliable independent sources january 2014 learn how and when to remove this message this article contains promotional content please help improve it by removing promotional language and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic text written from a neutral point of view see our advice if the article is about you and read our scam warning in case someone asks for money to edit this article october 2024 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message lio target lio linux scsi target original authors nicholas bellinger jerome martin developers datera inc release january 14 2011 2011 01 14 written in c python operating system linux type block storage license gnu general public license website linux iscsi org at the wayback machine archived 2022 10 06 repository github com open iscsi the linux io lio is an open source small computer system interface scsi target implementation included with the linux kernel 1 better source needed unlike initiators which begin sessions lio functions as a target presenting one or more logical unit numbers luns to a scsi initiator receiving scsi commands and managing the input output data transfers citation needed lio supports a wide range of storage protocols and transport fabrics including but not limited to fibre channel over ethernet fcoe fibre channel ieee 1394 and iscsi citation needed it is utilized in several linux distributions and is a popular choice for cloud environments due to its integration with tools like qemu kvm libvirt and openstack citation needed the lio project is maintained by datera dubious discuss a silicon valley based storage solutions provider on january 15 2011 lio was merged into the linux kernel mainline with version 2 6 38 which was officially released on march 14 2011 2 3 subsequent versions of the linux kernel have introduced additional fabric modules to expand its compatibility citation needed lio competes with other scsi target modules in the linux ecosystem the scsi target framework scst 4 is a prominent alternative for general scsi target functionality while for iscsi specific targets the older iscsi enterprise target iet and scsi target framework stgt also have industry adoption 5 6 background edit the scsi standard provides an extensible semantic abstraction for computer data storage devices and is used with data storage systems the scsi t10 standards 7 define the commands 8 and protocols of the scsi command processor sent in scsi cdbs and the electrical and optical interfaces for various implementations a scsi initiator is an endpoint that initiates a scsi session a scsi target is the endpoint that waits for initiator commands and executes the required i o data transfers the scsi target usually exports one or more luns for initiators to operate on the lio linux scsi target implements a generic scsi target that provides remote access to most data storage device types over all prevalent storage fabrics and protocols lio neither directly accesses data nor does it directly communicate with applications architecture edit lio architecture lio implements a modular and extensible architecture around a parallelised scsi command processing engine 9 the lio scsi target engine is independent of specific fabric modules or backstore types thus lio supports mixing and matching any number of fabrics and backstores at the same time the lio scsi target engine implements a comprehensive spc 3 spc 4 10 feature set with support for high end features including scsi 3 scsi 4 persistent reservations prs scsi 4 asymmetric logical unit assignment alua vmware vsphere apis for array integration vaai 11 t10 dif etc lio is configurable via a configfs based 12 kernel api and can be managed via a command line interface and api targetcli scsi target edit the concept of a scsi target isn t restricted to physical devices on a scsi bus but instead provides a generalised model for all receivers on a logical scsi fabric this includes scsi sessions across interconnects with no physical scsi bus at all conceptually the scsi target provides a generic block storage service or server in this scenario back stores edit back stores provide the scsi target with generalised access to data storage devices by importing them via corresponding device drivers back stores do not need to be physical scsi devices the most important back store media types are block the block driver allows using raw linux block devices as back stores for export via lio this includes physical devices such as hdds ssds cds dvds ram disks etc and logical devices such as software or hardware raid volumes or lvm volumes file the file driver allows using files that can reside in any linux file system or clustered file system as back stores for export via lio raw the raw driver allows using unstructured memory as back stores for export via lio as a result lio provides a generalised model to export block storage fabric modules edit fabric modules implement the front end of the scsi target by encapsulating and abstracting the properties of the various supported interconnect the following fabric modules are available fcoe edit combined storage and local area network the fibre channel over ethernet fcoe fabric module allows the transport of fibre channel protocol fcp traffic across lossless ethernet networks the specification supported by a large number of network and storage vendors is part of the technical committee t11 fc bb 5 standard 13 lio supports all standard ethernet nics the fcoe fabric module was contributed by cisco and intel and released with linux 3 0 on july 21 2011 14 fibre channel edit fibre channel is a high speed network technology primarily used for storage networking it is standardized in the technical committee t11 15 of the international committee for information technology standards incits the qlogic fibre channel fabric module supports 4 and 8 gigabit speeds with the following hbas qlogic 2400 series qlx246x 4gfc qlogic 2500 series qle256x 8gfc fully qual d the fibre channel fabric module 16 and low level driver 17 lld were released with linux 3 5 on july 21 2012 18 with linux 3 9 the following qlogic hbas and cnas are also supported qlogic 2600 series qle266x 16gfc sr iov qlogic 8300 series qle834x 16gfs 10 gbe pcie gen3 sr iov qlogic 8100 series qle81xx 8gfc 10 gbe pcie gen2 this makes lio the first open source target to support 16 gigabit fibre channel ieee 1394 edit lio firewire target for mac os x the firewire sbp 2 fabric module enables linux to export local storage devices via ieee 1394 so that other systems can mount them as an ordinary ieee 1394 storage device ieee 1394 is a serial bus interface standard for high speed communications and isochronous real time data transfer it was developed by apple as firewire in the late 1980s and early 1990s and macintosh computers have supported firewire target disk mode since 1999 19 the firewire sbp 2 fabric module was released with linux 3 5 on july 21 2012 18 20 iscsi edit the internet small computer system interface iscsi fabric module allows the transport of scsi traffic across standard ip networks by carrying scsi sessions across ip networks iscsi is used to facilitate data transfers over intranets and manage storage over long distances iscsi can be used to transmit data over local area networks lans wide area networks wans or the internet and can enable location independent and location transparent data storage and retrieval the lio iscsi fabric module also implements a number of advanced iscsi features that increase performance and resiliency such as multiple connections per session mc s and error recovery levels 0 2 erl 0 1 2 lio supports all standard ethernet nics the iscsi fabric module was released with linux 3 1 on october 24 2011 21 iser edit networks supporting remote direct memory access rdma can use the iscsi extensions for rdma iser fabric module to transport iscsi traffic iser permits data to be transferred directly into and out of remote scsi computer memory buffers without intermediate data copies direct data placement or ddp by using rdma 22 rdma is supported on infiniband networks on ethernet with data center bridging dcb networks via rdma over converged ethernet roce and on standard ethernet networks with iwarp enhanced tcp offload engine controllers the iser fabric module was developed together by datera and mellanox technologies and first released with linux 3 10 on june 30 2013 23 srp edit the scsi rdma protocol srp fabric module allows the transport of scsi traffic across rdma see above networks as of 2013 srp was more widely used than iser although it is more limited as scsi is only a peer to peer protocol whereas iscsi is fully routable the srp fabric module supports the following mellanox host channel adapters hcas mellanox connectx 2 vpi pcie gen2 hcas x8 lanes single dual port qdr 40 gbit s mellanox connectx 3 vpi pcie gen3 hcas x8 lanes single dual port fdr 56 gbit s mellanox connectx ib pcie gen3 hcas x16 lanes single dual port fdr 56 gbit s the srp fabric module was released with linux 3 3 on march 18 2012 24 in 2012 c t magazine measured almost 5000 mb s throughput with lio srp target over one mellanox connectx 3 port in 56 gbit s fdr mode on a sandy bridge pci express 3 0 system with four fusion io iodrive pci express flash memory cards usb edit the usb gadget fabric module enables linux to export local storage devices via the universal serial bus usb so that other systems can mount them as an ordinary storage device usb was designed in the mid 1990s to standardize the connection of computer peripherals and has also become common for data storage devices the usb gadget fabric module was released with linux 3 5 on july 21 2012 25 targetcli edit targetcli is a user space single node management command line interface cli for lio 26 it supports all fabric modules and is based on a modular extensible architecture with plug in modules for additional fabric modules or functionality targetcli provides a cli that uses an underlying generic target library through a well defined api thus the cli can easily be replaced or complemented by a ui with other metaphors such as a gui targetcli is implemented in python and consists of three main modules the underlying rtslib and api 27 the configshell which encapsulates the fabric specific attributes in corresponding spec files the targetcli shell itself detailed instructions on how to set up lio targets can be found on the lio wiki 26 linux distributions edit targetcli and lio are included in most linux distributions per default here is an overview of the most popular ones together with the initial inclusion dates distribution version a release archive installation source git documentation alpine linux 2 5 2011 11 07 alpine linux mirror archived 2012 12 12 at the wayback machine apk add targetcli fb targetcli fb git how to centos 6 2 2011 12 20 centos mirror su c yum install fcoe target utils targetcli fb git tech notes debian 7 0 wheezy 2013 05 04 debian pool su c apt get install targetcli targetcli git debian lio wiki at the wayback machine archived 2022 08 20 fedora 16 2011 11 08 fedora rawhide su c yum install targetcli targetcli fb git target wiki opensuse 12 1 2011 11 08 requires manual installation from datera targetcli git repos rhel b 6 2 2011 11 16 fedora rawhide su c yum install fcoe target utils targetcli fb git tech notes scientific linux 6 2 2012 02 16 sl mirror link removed su c yum install fcoe target utils targetcli fb git tech notes sles 11 sp3 mr 2013 12 su c zypper in targetcli targetcli git sles lio wiki at the wayback machine archived 2022 08 02 ubuntu 12 04 lts precise 2012 04 26 ubuntu universe sudo apt get install targetcli targetcli git ubuntu lio wiki at the wayback machine archived 2022 10 21 see also edit the scst linux scsi target software stack fibre channel fibre channel over ethernet fcoe ieee 1394 firewire infiniband iscsi iscsi extensions for rdma iser scsi rdma protocol srp usb notes edit the distribution release where lio was included first rhel 6 included lio but it was the default only for fcoe targets while stgt was used for iscsi in rhel 7 beta lio is the default for fcoe iscsi and for mellanox infiniband iser srp 28 references edit lio linux io the linux scsi target wiki 2016 03 12 archived from the original on 2022 08 20 linus torvalds 2011 01 14 trivial merge kernel org retrieved 2019 09 28 thorsten leemhuis 2011 03 02 kernel log coming in 2 6 38 part 4 storage heise online a tale of two scsi targets lwn net archived from the original on 2014 02 02 retrieved 2014 01 20 haas florian may 2012 replicate everything highly available iscsi storage with drbd and pacemaker linux journal retrieved 2019 09 28 cite web cs1 maint deprecated archival service link bolkhovitin vladislav 2018 04 11 scst vs stgt generic scsi target subsystem for linux retrieved 2019 04 01 technical committee t10 scsi storage interfaces t10 org retrieved 2012 12 24 cite web cs1 maint numeric names authors list link scsi commands reference manual pdf 100293068 rev c scotts valley seagate technology april 2010 archived from the original pdf on 2012 07 31 retrieved 2012 12 25 bellinger nicholas 2009 current status and future of iscsi on the linux platform pdf linux plumbers conference ralph weber 2011 01 17 scsi primary commands 4 spc 4 t10 org retrieved 2011 03 07 vstorage apis for array integration linux io the linux scsi target wiki 2015 08 07 archived from the original on 2022 08 20 jonathan corbet 2005 08 24 configfs an introduction lwn net retrieved 2011 03 07 fibre channel backbone 5 revision 2 00 pdf american national standard for information technology international committee for information technology standards technical group t11 june 4 2009 retrieved 2011 05 05 linus torvalds 2011 04 18 scsi tcm_fc adding fc_fc4 provider tcm_fc for fcoe target tcm target core support kernel org retrieved 2019 09 28 t11 home page t11 org retrieved 2012 12 25 linus torvalds 2012 05 15 scsi tcm_qla2xxx add 24xx series fabric module for target core kernel org retrieved 2019 09 28 linus torvalds 2012 05 15 scsi qla2xxx add lld target mode infrastructure fo...