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vada reservoir see lake mohave glacial lake former in san bernardino county california lake mojave lake mojave location within california show map of california lake mojave location within the united states show map of the united states location mojave desert san bernardino county california coordinates 35 14 28 n 116 04 49 w 35 24113 n 116 08017 w 35 24113 116 08017 lake type glacial lake former primary inflows mojave river basin countries united states surface elevation 288 m 945 ft references 1 2 lake mojave was an ancient former lake fed by the mojave river that through the holocene occupied the silver lake and soda lake basins in the mojave desert of san bernardino county california its outlet may have ultimately emptied into the colorado river north of present day blythe geography edit lake mojave existed in what is now san bernardino county the city of las vegas lies 140 kilometres 90 mi northeast of the basin 3 present day locations on its shores are zzyzx and baker california 4 on the western side lake mojave was bordered by mountains that steeply rise from the basin the eastern side is more gentle featuring alluvial fans and pediment 3 the basin was probably formed by fault activity 5 the lake edit at its maximum stand lake mojave had a surface area of 300 square kilometres 120 sq mi and a volume of 7 cubic kilometres 1 7 cu mi 6 lake mojave had two separate lake level stands the a stand and the b stand the a stand lies at an altitude of 287 metres 942 ft above sea level and the b stand at an altitude of 285 4 metres 936 ft 7 the lake was about 10 metres 33 ft deep 8 fifteen alluvial fans abut the shores of lake mojave that face the soda mountains 9 a present day 40 kilometres 25 mi bay exists on the northwestern side of the silver lake basin and includes wavecut terraces and a beach ridge 10 silver lake and soda lake exist today where lake mojave formerly existed 3 soda lake slopes to the north and lies at a higher altitude than silver lake thus water tends to fill soda lake first 11 overflowing to silver lake only during extreme floods 5 beach ridges and shorelines testify to the existence of a past lake in the silver lake basin 12 one major beach ridge complex is named the el capitan beach ridge complex and contains gravel and sand 13 sediments from lake mojave and its two successor basins may be part of the sources of sand for the kelso dunes 14 dating of dune deposition suggests that the deposition events often correspond to times where water levels in lake mojave were less stable 15 hydrology edit inflow edit lake mojave in relation to other pleistocene era lakes in the region the mojave river is the principal river reaching the lake mojave basin 3 and the principal river of the mojave desert 5 presently a number of springs on the western side of the lake mojave basin form small waterbodies 5 the total watershed area is about 11 860 square kilometres 4 580 sq mi 16 most water of the mojave river ultimately comes from the san bernardino mountains 201 kilometres 125 mi southwest 3 where precipitation reaches 840 millimetres 33 in per year 5 precipitation increased in response to southward shifts of the polar jet stream 17 this and floods probably contributed to the formation of lake mojave 18 the mojave river flows into the mojave desert since about 2 1 5 million years ago when its previous southward course was blocked by the uplift of the transverse ranges 19 the mojave river did not always end in lake mojave at other points of its history it reached lake harper lake manix the cronese lakes and lake manly 17 lake mojave was reached about 20 000 years before present by water overflowing from lake manix 20 compared to today water flow would have to be at least ten times higher to allow for the formation of lake mojave 21 outflow edit a bedrock lined channel extends from a bay on the northern side of silver lake and forms the outlet of lake mojave it is at times less than 3 0 metres 10 ft wide the channel terminates into dry lake playa 4 8 kilometres 3 mi away 11 this spillway stabilized the levels of lake mojave during the late pleistocene 22 although erosion of the spillway caused a gradual decline in water levels 16 it was once thought that overflow from lake mojave was nourishing a freshwater lake dumont but later ostracod research indicated that that area was groundwater supported wetland 20 water from lake mojave eventually reached the amargosa river and death valley 23 in 1916 1917 the outlet channel was deepened in order to lower water levels before that the floor of the channel had an elevation of 2 867 metres 9 407 ft 24 climate edit present day climate in the area is hot and dry 25 on average summer temperatures exceed 30 c 86 f 25 and are increasing with global warming 26 decreases in temperature are not sufficient to create waterbodies precipitation must increase too 16 average precipitation is about 78 millimetres per year 3 1 in year most of it falls during winter and early spring with about one quarter coming during summer from the gulf of california and gulf of mexico this low precipitation contrasts to a high evaporation rate of 2 000 2 500 millimetres per year 79 98 in year 25 precipitation varies from year to year 26 and its future changes with global warming are unclear 5 however the water budget of lake mojave was mostly controlled by coastal conditions where the mojave river originates 16 biology edit a number of shells of anodonta californiensis have been found at lake mojave 27 phacotus freshwater algae developed in early holocene lake stages 28 ostracods of lake mojave include limnocythere bradburyi and limnocythere ceriotuberosa 29 crustaceans may have provided food sources 30 lake mojave was surrounded by a mix of pinyon juniper and joshua tree woodlands down to altitudes of 330 metres 1 080 ft and desert vegetation 13 at the time numerous animal species lived around the lake including bighorn sheep black tailed jackrabbit coots desert cottontail desert mule deer ducks geese merriam s kangaroo rat pocket mice shellfish and tui chubs which could provide food for early humans 31 present day vegetation in the area includes creosote bush saltbush and opuntia there is more vegetation in washes and on river terraces 25 chronology edit lake mojave existed between 22 000 and 9 000 years before present 32 it is one of several pluvial lakes in the mojave desert including lake manix and coyote lake lake harper 33 and lake ivanpah 34 the history of the silver lake basin is better known than that of the soda lake area 16 based on the wells chronology the lake filled before 27 000 years before present and from then on fluctuated below the a shoreline the lake was stable at the a shoreline 21 900 19 750 and 16 850 13 850 years before present the early phase is also known as lake mojave i while later phases are also known as lake mojave ii 6 alternative age ranges are 20 900 19 600 for lake mojave i and 16 500 13 400 for lake mojave ii 35 more recent research indicates that water levels remained high between 20 500 and 12 800 years ago with only a brief drop about 16 200 years ago 36 water draining from lake manix after the formation of afton canyon may have aided in the development of lake mojave 37 although much of the water would have continued into death valley due to the insufficient volume of the lake mojave basin 38 between 13 600 and 11 500 years before present the formation of a spillway caused lake mojave to abandon its a shoreline and drop to the b shoreline 13 lake mojave stabilized at the b shoreline until 8 700 years 39 9 700 years 35 or according to more recent theories until 11 000 years ago when the mojave river no longer supplied enough water to sustain a waterbody wetlands supported by water lasted for several more millennia 36 the disappearance of lake mojave was caused by climatic changes at the start of the holocene 32 this contrasts with lake ivanpah which probably under monsoon influence maintained itself during the holocene 40 some earlier fluctuations in water levels were caused by faulting in the lake manix basin which occasionally diverted the mojave river into the coyote lake basin 41 wind erosion affected the beach and delta deposits left by lake mojave forming aeolian sediments 42 presently only rarely do lakes form in the basin of lake mojave individual occurrences occurred in 1916 1917 1938 1939 and 1969 3 this latter lake stage was photographed and it submerged the tonopah and tidewater railroad 43 other infillings occurred 3 910 152 and 470 160 years ago 14 such resurgences of the lake depend on anomalously high precipitation on the san bernardino mountains 44 and are climatically linked to the little ice age and other glacial expansion episodes 45 the existence of such lakes was not only limited by climate factors but also by a generally shallow lake basin that caused a strong increase in evaporation with only slight increases in water levels 46 archaeology edit a steady food and freshwater supply as well as the presence of rocks that could be used to manufacture tools drew early humans towards lake mojave 47 as lake levels dropped people migrated progressively farther down to reach the lake 48 some presumably archaeological sites have been found at lake mojave including alignments of basalt boulders 49 bifaces and projectiles have been found on its shores the latter are dated about 10 000 8 000 years before present 9 these archaeological findings are known as the lake mojave complex 18 most archeological sites around lake mojave however date to after its drying often associated with brief highstands 50 the so called lake mojave complex is a cultural system that was active between 9 000 and 6 000 bc possibly such cultures were derived from the clovis culture 51 and formed when big mammals disappeared and early humans had to search for different sources of food 52 see also edit list of lakes in california references edit silver lake geographic names information system united states geological survey united states department of the interior soda lake geographic names information system united states geological survey united states department of the interior 1 2 3 4 5 6 ore warren 1971 p 2553 schneider et al 2017 p 262 1 2 3 4 5 6 honke et al 2019 p 91 1 2 knell walden hurtgen kirby 2014 p 45 mcfadden et al 1992 p 79 wells mcfadden dohrenwend 1987 p 131 1 2 knell walden hurtgen kirby 2014 p 46 ore warren 1971 p 2558 1 2 ore warren 1971 p 2555 mcfadden et al 1992 p 77 1 2 3 mcfadden et al 1992 p 81 1 2 clarke 1994 p 534 clarke 1994 p 537 1 2 3 4 5 knell et al 2023 p 3 1 2 garcia et al 2014 p 305 1 2 owen et al 2007 p 89 garcia et al 2014 p 307 1 2 garcia et al 2014 p 308 owen et al 2007 p 90 wells mcfadden dohrenwend 1987 p 137 sharp robert phillip glazner allen f 1997 01 01 geology underfoot in death valley and owens valley mountain press publishing p 16 isbn 978 0 87842 362 0 ore warren 1971 p 2556 1 2 3 4 mcfadden et al 1992 p 80 1 2 honke et al 2019 p 90 ore warren 1971 p 2557 enzel et al 1992 p 67 owen et al 2007 p 91 schneider et al 2017 p 271 knell et al 2023 p 4 1 2 mcfadden et al 1992 p 78 honke et al 2019 p 89 spaulding sims harvey 2021 p 1 1 2 clarke 1994 p 533 1 2 honke et al 2019 p 104 meek 1989 p 9 meek 1989 p 10 mcfadden et al 1992 p 82 spaulding sims harvey 2021 p 25 miller 2018 p 13 mcfadden et al 1992 p 87 enzel et al 1992 p 65 clarke 1994 p 533 534 enzel et al 1992 p 69 enzel et al 1992 p 68 knell walden hurtgen kirby 2014 p 43 knell walden hurtgen kirby 2014 p 49 ore warren 1971 p 2559 schneider et al 2017 p 263 fitzgerald jones 2003 p 397 fitzgerald jones 2003 p 398 sources edit clarke m l 1994 infra red stimulated luminescence ages from aeolian sand and alluvial fan deposits from the eastern mojave desert california quaternary science reviews 13 5 7 533 538 bibcode 1994qsrv 13 533c doi 10 1016 0277 3791 94 90073 6 enzel yehouda brown william j anderson roger y mcfadden leslie d wells stephen g 1992 07 01 short duration holocene lakes in the mojave river drainage basin southern california quaternary research 38 1 60 73 bibcode 1992qures 38 60e doi 10 1016 0033 5894 92 90030 m issn 0033 5894 s2cid 128620695 fitzgerald richard t jones terry l 2003 01 01 on the weight of the evidence from cross creek a reply to turner american antiquity 68 2 396 399 doi 10 2307 3557087 jstor 3557087 s2cid 163436699 garcia anna l knott jeffrey r mahan shannon a bright jordon 2014 03 01 geochronology and paleoenvironment of pluvial harper lake mojave desert california usa quaternary research 81 2 305 317 bibcode 2014qures 81 305g doi 10 1016 j yqres 2013 10 008 s2cid 129454233 honke j s pigati j s wilson j bright j goldstein h l skipp g l reheis m c havens j c july 2019 late quaternary paleohydrology of desert wetlands and pluvial lakes in the soda lake basin central mojave desert california usa quaternary science reviews 216 89 106 bibcode 2019qsrv 216 89h doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2019 05 021 knell edward j walden hurtgen leah c kirby matthew e january 2014 terminal pleistocene early holocene spatio temporal and settlement patterns around pluvial lake mojave california researchgate journal of california and great basin anthropology 34 43 60 retrieved 2017 03 18 knell edward j taylor jan kirby matthew e garcia albert august 2023 paleoindian land use at pluvial lake mojave a temporally and seasonally dynamic wetlands resource patch in california s central mojave desert journal of archaeological science reports 50 104059 doi 10 1016 j jasrep 2023 104059 mcfadden l d wells s g brown w j enzel y 1992 soil genesis on beach ridges of pluvial lake mojave implications for holocene lacustrine and eolian events in the mojave desert southern california catena 19 1 77 97 bibcode 1992caten 19 77m citeseerx 10 1 1 617 4675 doi 10 1016 0341 8162 92 90018 7 cite journal cite uses deprecated parameter citeseerx help meek norman 1989 01 01 geomorphic and hydrologic implications of the rapid incision of afton canyon mojave desert california geology 17 1 7 10 bibcode 1989geo 17 7m doi 10 1130 0091 7613 1989 017 0007 gahiot 2 3 co 2 issn 0091 7613 miller david m ed april 2018 against the current the mojave river from sink to source pdf the 2018 desert symposium field guide and proceedings desert symposium archived from the original pdf on 6 october 2022 owen lewis a bright jordon finkel robert c jaiswal manoj k kaufman darrell s mahan shannon radtke ulrich schneider joan s sharp warren 2007 05 01 numerical dating of a late quaternary spit shoreline complex at the northern end of silver lake playa mojave desert california a comparison of the applicability of radiocarbon luminescence terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide electron spin resonance u series and amino acid racemization methods quaternary international dating quaternary sediments and landforms in drylands 166 1 87 110 bibcode 2007quint 166 87o doi 10 1016 j quaint 2007 01 001 ore h thomas warren claude n 1971 09 01 late pleist...