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mited 24 evidence from studies of mitochondrial dna suggests that humans may have passed through a genetic bottleneck around this time that reduced genetic diversity below what would be expected given the age of the species according to the toba catastrophe theory proposed by stanley h ambrose of the university of illinois at urbana champaign in 1998 the effects of the toba eruption may have decreased the size of human populations to only a few tens of thousands of individuals 25 however this hypothesis is not widely accepted because similar effects on other animal species have not been observed and paleoanthropology suggests there was no population bottleneck 26 27 the genetic bottleneck is now recognized to be the out of africa founder effect rather than an actual reduction in population 28 more recent activity edit since the major eruption 70 000 years ago eruptions of smaller magnitude have also occurred at toba the small cone of pusukbukit formed on the southwestern margin of the caldera and lava domes the most recent eruption may have been at tandukbenua on the northwestern caldera edge suggested by a lack of vegetation that could be due to an eruption within the last few hundred years 29 some parts of the caldera have shown uplift due to partial refilling of the magma chamber for example pushing samosir island and the uluan peninsula above the surface of the lake the lake sediments on samosir island show that it has risen by at least 450 m 1 476 ft 17 since the cataclysmic eruption such uplifts are common in very large calderas apparently due to the upward pressure of below ground magma toba is probably the largest resurgent caldera on earth large earthquakes have recently occurred in the vicinity of the volcano notably in 1987 along the southern shore of the lake at a depth of 11 km 6 8 mi 30 such earthquakes have also been recorded in 1892 1916 and 1920 1922 17 in 2016 a study revealed that the toba supervolcano has a magma chamber containing 50 000 cubic kilometres 12 000 mi 3 of eruptible magma about 30 50 kilometres 19 31 mi underground 31 this makes the supervolcano s magma chamber more than four times larger than the volume of lake superior in north america and also larger than the magma chamber underneath yellowstone 32 lake toba lies near the great sumatran fault which runs along the centre of sumatra in the sumatra fracture zone 17 the volcanoes of sumatra and java are part of the sunda arc a result of the northeasterly movement of the indo australian plate which is sliding under the eastward moving eurasian plate the subduction zone in this area is very active the seabed near the west coast of sumatra has had several major earthquakes since 1995 including the 9 1 2004 indian ocean earthquake and the 8 7 2005 nias simeulue earthquake the epicenters of which were around 300 km 190 mi from toba citation needed people edit batak canoes near haranggaol on lake toba circa 1920 most of the people who live around lake toba are ethnically bataks traditional batak houses are noted for their distinctive roofs which curve upwards at each end as a boat s hull does and their colorful decor 33 transportation edit ferry boats on lake toba parapat is located on the edge of the lake which is the transit point to travel the lake and samosir island medan is about 173 km by road from the town and is connected via the trans sumatran highway to pematang siantar by a 48 km road sisingamangaraja xii international airport is located about 76 km from parapat citation needed flora and fauna edit the flora of the lake includes various types of phytoplankton emerged macrophytes floating macrophytes and submerged macrophytes while the surrounding countryside is rainforest including areas of sumatran tropical pine forests on the higher mountainsides 34 the fauna includes several species of zooplankton and benthic animals since the lake is oligotrophic nutrient poor the native fish fauna is relatively scarce and the only endemics are rasbora tobana strictly speaking near endemic since also found in some tributary rivers that run into the lake 35 and neolissochilus thienemanni locally known as the batak fish 36 the latter species is threatened by deforestation causing siltation pollution changes in water level and the numerous fish species that have been introduced to the lake 36 other native fishes include species such as aplocheilus panchax nemacheilus pfeifferae homaloptera gymnogaster channa gachua channa striata clarias batrachus barbonymus gonionotus barbonymus schwanenfeldii danio albolineatus osteochilus vittatus puntius binotatus rasbora jacobsoni tor tambra betta imbellis betta taeniata and monopterus albus 37 among the many introduced species are anabas testudineus oreochromis mossambicus oreochromis niloticus ctenopharyngodon idella cyprinus carpio osphronemus goramy trichogaster pectoralis trichopodus trichopterus poecilia reticulata and xiphophorus hellerii 37 panoramic view of lake toba sinking of mv sinar bangun edit main article sinking of mv sinar bangun on 18 june 2018 lake toba was the scene of a ferry disaster in which over 160 people drowned 38 mv sinar bangun was an irregular operating vessel on the lake which capsized with many passengers on board the incident caused the death of 167 people and injuries to a number of others preliminary reports found the vessel was in operation with irregularities ignoring overloading on the vessel and operating in rough weather conditions were concluded to be the main reasons leading to the disaster in popular culture edit the origin of lake toba is a folk story about the lake in which once upon a time there was a fisherman who caught a golden fish samosir island is believed to be the golden fish s son 39 gallery edit lake toba aerial view aerial view of the southern shore with sibandang island visible in the background view of the lake with an example of batak architecture in the foreground traditional batak house at ambarita lake toba sipiso piso waterfall lake toba from tongging village near sipiso piso waterfall lake toba featured in 1 000 rupiah banknote details of carvings on the prow of a toba batak canoe the caldera of lake toba with a resurgent dome forming samosir island a panoramic partial view of toba lake as seen from the west side to the southeast see also edit lakes portal volcanoes portal indonesia portal list of lakes of indonesia list of volcanoes in indonesia samosir island batak people nias people references edit 1 2 3 lakenet lakes archived from the original on 26 september 2003 gov t expects unesco to recognize kaldera toba geopark this year tempo retrieved 16 july 2018 gunawan apriadi 8 july 2020 toba caldera finally recognized as unesco global geopark the jakarta post retrieved 9 july 2020 lake toba proposed as world geopark heritage site the jakarta post retrieved 16 july 2018 perjalanan geopark kaldera danau toba masuk daftar ugg kompas retrieved 16 july 2018 toba general information global volcanism program smithsonian institution retrieved 24 june 2021 1 2 chesner c a westgate j a rose w i drake r deino a 1991 eruptive history of earth s largest quaternary caldera toba indonesia clarified pdf geology 19 3 michigan technological university 200 203 bibcode 1991geo 19 200c doi 10 1130 0091 7613 1991 019 0200 ehoesl 2 3 co 2 retrieved 23 august 2008 ninkovich d n j shackleton a a abdel monem j d obradovich g izett 7 december 1978 k ar age of the late pleistocene eruption of toba north sumatra nature 276 5688 574 577 bibcode 1978natur 276 574n doi 10 1038 276574a0 s2cid 4364788 vogel gretchen how ancient humans survived global volcanic winter from massive eruption science 12 march 2018 when humans faced extinction bbc 9 june 2003 retrieved 5 january 2007 yost chad l jackson lily j stone jeffery r cohen andrew s march 2018 subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from lake malawi east africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the 74 ka toba supereruption journal of human evolution 116 75 94 bibcode 2018jhume 116 75y doi 10 1016 j jhevol 2017 11 005 pmid 29477183 lane christine s chorn ben t johnson thomas c 29 april 2013 ash from the toba supereruption in lake malawi shows no volcanic winter in east africa at 75 ka proceedings of the national academy of sciences 110 20 8025 8029 bibcode 2013pnas 110 8025l doi 10 1073 pnas 1301474110 pmc 3657767 pmid 23630269 budd david a troll valentin r deegan frances m jolis ester m smith victoria c whitehouse martin j harris chris freda carmela hilton david r halldórsson sæmundur a bindeman ilya n 25 january 2017 magma reservoir dynamics at toba caldera indonesia recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz scientific reports 7 1 40624 bibcode 2017natsr 740624b doi 10 1038 srep40624 issn 2045 2322 pmc 5264179 pmid 28120860 toba synonyms subfeatures global volcanism program smithsonian institution retrieved 24 june 2021 becky oskin 30 october 2014 magma pancakes may have fueled toba supervolcano live science retrieved 23 december 2025 mark darren f renne paul r dymock ross c smith victoria c simon justin i morgan leah e staff richard a ellis ben s pearce nicholas j g 1 april 2017 high precision 40ar 39ar dating of pleistocene tuffs and temporal anchoring of the matuyama brunhes boundary quaternary geochronology 39 1 23 doi 10 1016 j quageo 2017 01 002 hdl 10023 10236 issn 1871 1014 1 2 3 4 stratigraphy of the toba tuffs and the evolution of the toba caldera complex sumatra indonesia 1 2 supersized eruptions are all the rage united states geological survey 28 april 2005 acharyya s k basu p k 1993 toba ash on the south asia and its implications for correlation of late pleistocene alluvium quaternary research 40 1 10 19 bibcode 1993qures 40 10a doi 10 1006 qres 1993 1051 s2cid 128545662 scrivenor john brooke 1931 the geology of malaya london macmillan oclc 3575130 noted by weber bühring c sarnthein m leg 184 shipboard scientific party 2000 toba ash layers in the south china sea evidence of contrasting wind directions during eruption ca 74 ka geology 28 3 275 278 doi 10 1130 0091 7613 2000 028 0275 talits 2 3 co 2 cite journal cs1 maint numeric names authors list link lane christine s 2013 ash from the toba supereruption in lake malawi shows no volcanic winter in east africa at 75 ka proceedings of the national academy of sciences 110 20 8025 8029 bibcode 2013pnas 110 8025l doi 10 1073 pnas 1301474110 pmc 3657767 pmid 23630269 zielinski ga 1996 potential atmospheric impact of the toba mega eruption 71 000 years ago geophysical research letters 23 8 837 840 bibcode 1996georl 23 837z doi 10 1029 96gl00706 chesner craig a luhr james f 30 november 2010 a melt inclusion study of the toba tuffs sumatra indonesia journal of volcanology and geothermal research continental margin volcanism a volume in memory of james f luhr 197 1 259 278 bibcode 2010jvgr 197 259c doi 10 1016 j jvolgeores 2010 06 001 issn 0377 0273 yellowstone is a supervolcano biot reports 164 suburban emergency management project 11 january 2005 archived from the original on 13 january 2008 retrieved 21 february 2008 gathorne hardy f j and harcourt smith w e h the super eruption of toba did it cause a human bottleneck archived 14 october 2013 at the wayback machine journal of human evolution 45 2003 227 230 petraglia michael d 2012 the toba volcanic super eruption environmental change and hominin occupation history in india over the last 140 000 years quaternary international 258 119 134 bibcode 2012quint 258 119p doi 10 1016 j quaint 2011 07 042 li heng durbin richard july 2011 inference of human population history from individual whole genome sequences nature 475 7357 493 496 doi 10 1038 nature10231 issn 1476 4687 pmc 3154645 pmid 21753753 toba volcano indonesia sumatra volcanodiscovery com significant earthquakes of the world united states geological survey usgs koulakov i kasatkina e shapiro n m jaupart c vasilevsky a el khrepy s al arifi n smirnov s 2016 the feeder system of the toba supervolcano from the slab to the shallow reservoir nature communications 7 12228 bibcode 2016natco 712228k doi 10 1038 ncomms12228 pmc 4960321 pmid 27433784 robin andrews 20 july 2016 the toba supervolcano has a bigger underground magma chamber than yellowstone iflscience com ifl science archived from the original on 22 april 2021 retrieved 2 april 2021 batak people indonesianmusic com archived from the original on 13 august 2008 danau toba lake toba international lake environment committee archived from the original on 3 march 2009 lumbantobing daniel n 2010 four new species of the rasbora trifasciata group teleostei cyprinidae from northwestern sumatra indonesia copeia 2010 4 644 70 doi 10 1643 ci 09 155 s2cid 86114358 1 2 saragih bungaran sunito satyawan 2001 lake toba need for an integrated management system lakes and reservoirs research and management 6 3 247 51 bibcode 2001lrrm 6 247s doi 10 1046 j 1440 1770 2001 00155 x 1 2 fishbase 2012 species in toba accessed 25 january 2012 indonesia ferry disaster lake toba captain detained bbc 21 june 2018 retrieved 25 june 2018 kaltsum honest ummi utami ratnasari diah 7 november 2015 folklores as english teaching media for the young learners issn 2477 3328 cite journal cite journal requires journal help further reading edit rampino michael r and stephen self 1993 climate volcanism feedback and the toba eruption of 74 000 years ago quaternary research 40 3 269 280 bibcode 1993qures 40 269r doi 10 1006 qres 1993 1081 s2cid 129546088 vazquez jorge a and mary r reid 2004 probing the accumulation history of the voluminous toba magma science 305 5686 991 994 bibcode 2004sci 305 991v doi 10 1126 science 1096994 pmid 15310899 s2cid 43565268 petraglia m et al 2007 middle paleolithic assemblages from the indian subcontinent before and after the toba super eruption science 317 5834 114 116 bibcode 2007sci 317 114p doi 10 1126 science 1141564 hdl 10072 412769 pmid 17615356 s2cid 20380351 archived from the original on 29 november 2021 retrieved 5 july 2019 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to lake toba toba sumatra indonesia volcano oregonstate edu accessed 11 december 2005 stanley h ambrose volcanic winter and differentiation of modern humans accessed 11 december 2005 joel achenbach who knew national geographic accessed 11 december 2005 lake toba ecosystem management plan from laketoba org magma pancakes may have fueled toba supervolcano lake toba travel guide from wikivoyage v t e tourist attractions in indonesia sumatra aceh tsunami museum ampera bridge baiturrahman grand mosque bagansiapiapi bandar lampung city barelang bridge berastagi bintan island bukit barisan selatan national park bukit lawang east lampung regency gunongan historical park jam gadang kerinci seblat national park krakatoa lagundri bay lampung bay lake maninjau lake singkarak lake toba lumbini natural park maimun palace mentawai islands regency metro city mursala island nias pagaruyung palace penyengat island pugung raharjo sabang s...