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jkī commonly used one letter in any given writing for both ja and jha which are anyway rather weakly contrasted phonemes 13 36 at least in the case of khojkī while both scripts each have two characters used interchangeably for both phonemes they were conflated to the extent that the lesser used letters of each while attested are not currently supported in unicode according to pandey it is possible that a distinct letter for jha exists in a style of multani for this reason space has been reserved for jha in the unicode block 17 in both cases the unsupported letter shares a resemblance with gurmukhī ਜ ja while laṇḍā did not have dependent vowel signs several descendent scripts like gurmukhī khojkī and khudābādī have developed them earlier khojkī represented diphthongs in a manner more similar to laṇḍā 13 37 khojkī 𑈂 was typically used for both i and ī 12 comparison of vowels of laṇḍā descended scripts class script independent vowels vowel diacritics iast a ā i ī u ū e ai o au ā i ī u ū e ai o au panjābī gurmukhi ਅ ਆ ਇ ਈ ਉ ਊ ਏ ਐ ਓ ਔ ਾ ਿ ੀ ੁ ੂ ੇ ੈ ੋ ੌ mahajani 𑅐 𑅑 𑅒 𑅓 𑅑 𑅔 𑅒 multani 𑊀 𑊁 𑊂 𑊃 𑊂 sindhī khojki 𑈀 𑈁 𑈂 𑈃 𑈄 𑈅 𑈆 𑈇 𑈬 𑈭 𑈮 𑈯 𑈰 𑈱 𑈲 𑈳 khudabadi 𑊰 𑊱 𑊲 𑊳 𑊴 𑊵 𑊶 𑊷 𑊸 𑊹 𑋠 𑋡 𑋢 𑋣 𑋤 𑋥 𑋦 𑋧 𑋨 these scripts developed further adaptations as necessity arose gurmukhī has developed supplementary and subscript letters to accommodate loansounds and certain consonant clusters respectively mahājanī had the ligature 𑅶 śrī and various accounting signs multānī had the character 𑊨 ṛha and khudābādī had the character 𑋓𑋩 fa khojkī had the characters 𑈫 ḷa and qa as well as conjuncts for kṣa jña tra and dra often borrowing such orthography from easterly scripts 13 37 it also made extensive use of its nuqtā to accommodate the emphatics uvulars and pharyngeals of arabic letters of the unstandardized scripts often had glyphic variants for instance a variant of multānī 𑊗 tha resembles its gurmukhī counterpart ਥ alphabet charts edit śāradā varnamala gurmukhī varnamala khudabadi varnamala khojki varnamala mahajani varnamala multani varnamala other attested similar and related scripts edit punjabi language manuscript of the ekadashi mahatam written in a punjabi variant of sharada script ca 1200 1300 other laṇḍā linked scripts have been documented the ones below do not have enough information to be supported in unicode bhaṭṭākharī also spelt bhaṭ ṭ ākhrī or bhaṭākshrī was used to write the bhat vahi literature and was employed by historical bhatt writers 18 19 it was a family code such as laṇḍā and mahājanī 19 20 and like laṇḍā lacked vowel signs 21 laṅgaṛī historically used by bookkeepers in the haryana region possibly a subtype of mahājanī 22 mundī merchant script used by marwari and gujarati businessmen and bookkeepers for recording accounts and correspondences 23 its name derives from the hindi term mundā denoting bare headedness referring to its lack of śirorekhā or top line characteristic of many abugidas of the area 24 landi mundi historically used to record information bahi genealogical registers such as at haridwar 25 scripts classified as laṇḍā in the nineteenth century have been attested further east including mudia in awadh garhwal and towns in the north western provinces and bisati laṇḍā by muslim traders in the north western provinces 9 references edit shackle 2007 p 594 these scripts are alphabetical on the restricted semitic model of ugaritic cuneiform 中西 亮 nakanishi akira 1980 01 01 writing systems of the world alphabets syllabaries pictograms rutland vt tokyo japan c e tuttle co pp 50 51 isbn 0804812934 1 2 pollock sheldon raghunathan arvind 2003 literary cultures in history reconstructions from south asia university of california press p 623 isbn 9780520228214 mahapatra b p padmanabha p mcconnell g d verma v s 1989 pendjabi in kloss heinz mcconnell grant d eds the written languages of the world a survey of the degree and modes of use volume ii india book 1 constitutional languages laval university press p 437 isbn 9782763771861 india census commissioner 1902 census of india 1901 census of india 17 1 government central press 266 267 landa literally the docked or tailless script is taught by padhas in a sort of nursery rhyme of which the following is the rohtak version 1 2 shackle christopher 2007 writing systems of the indo aryan languages in cardona george jain dhanesh eds the indo aryan languages routledge pp 594 595 isbn 978 1 135 79711 9 1 2 3 asani ali a 1987 the khojkī script a legacy of ismaili islam in the indo pakistan subcontinent journal of the american oriental society 107 3 440 441 jstor 603464 1 2 3 4 pandey anshuman 2010 l2 10 011r a roadmap for scripts of the landa family archived 2023 03 15 at the wayback machine 1 2 3 4 5 leitner gottlieb wilhelm 1883 a collection of specimens of commercial and other alphabets and handwritings as also of multiplication tables current in various parts of the panjab sind and the north west provinces lahore anjuman i panjab press pp 8 9 masica colin 1993 the indo aryan languages cambridge u k cambridge university press p 145 isbn 978 0 521 29944 2 it may be noted in passing and should be apparent from the samples in table 6 1 that the nagari script is one that has gone furthest from brahmi at least among the northern scripts the other scripts particularly gurmukhi often retain letters more similar to those of brahmi 1 2 boivin michel 2024 devotion religious authority and social structures in sindh khojas vanyos and faqirs brill p 33 isbn 9789004695290 1 2 pandey anshuman 2011 l2 11 021 final proposal to encode the khojki script 1 2 3 4 5 shackle christopher moir zawahir 2000 ismaili hymns from south asia an introduction to the ginans curzon pp 34 42 isbn 9780700711468 1 2 daftary farhad 2012 historical dictionary of the ismailis scarecrow press pp 96 97 isbn 9780810861640 pandey anshuman 2011 l2 11 022 final proposal to encode the khudawadi script pandey anshuman 2011 l2 11 274 proposal to encode the mahajani script 1 2 3 pandey anshuman 2012 l2 12 316 proposal to encode the multani script punjab history conference proceedings vol 22 department of punjab historical studies punjabi university 1989 p 86 1 2 mcleod w h july 16 2009 the a to z of sikhism scarecrow press p 37 isbn 9780810863446 these they wrote in a script called bhatakshri which was a family code such as lande and mahajani singh karnail 2005 24 bhatt wahis fragments of half a century institute of sikh studies p 96 isbn 9788185815251 sukhdial singh ed 2005 punjab history conference thirty seventh session march 18 20 2005 proceedings department of punjab historical studies punjabi university p 198 isbn 978 81 7380 990 3 anshuman pandey 12 july 2011 proposal to encode the mahajani script in iso iec 10646 pdf www unicode org retrieved 14 may 2024 kaushik kshama v dutta kaushik jan 23 2012 bahi khata and parta system india means business how the elephant earned its stripes oxford university press isbn 9780199088515 the language used for writing depends on the business since most of the indian business was in the hands of marwaris and gujaratis in the eighteenth nineteenth and early twentieth centuries mundi was the language of choice for bookkeeping the other accounting language was found among punjabi businessmen which was called langdi hindi garg vipin k 1984 trade practices and traditions origin and development in india allied pp v 107 109 isbn 9780836414349 for many centuries past the merchant class in india had been using a special script for recording accounts and for correspondence this script acquired different names in different areas like mundi mudiya modi mahajani and sarrafi the name munda also signifies its relationship with the hindi dialect of the area in hindi the word munda is used to denote bare headedness since the alphabet for writing mundi did not have the bar on top of the alphabet chakrabarty sreeparna 6 april 2023 ancestry records of pilgrim centres to shed light on india s past the hindu retrieved 11 june 2025 further reading edit pandey anshuman 2010 l2 10 271r proposal to encode the sindhi script pandey anshuman 2010 l2 10 013r preliminary proposal to encode the landa script pandey anshuman 2009 l2 09 424 proposal to encode the takri script leitner gottlieb wilhelm 1882 vernacular indigenous education in the panjab history of indigenous education in the punjab since annexation and in 1882 calcutta superintendent of government printing india pp 28 45 hutchinson c w 1877 specimen of various vernacular characters passing through the post office in india calcutta surveyor general s office pp 28 29 v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva ...