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the year for romans in the roman calendar after the reform of numa pompilius that added january and february all months except february had an odd number of days 29 or 31 this was because of a roman superstition that even numbers were unlucky 5 when caesar changed the calendar to follow the solar year closely he made all months have 30 or 31 days leaving february unchanged except in leap years gregorian calendar edit see also gregorian calendar an image showing which century years are leap years in the gregorian calendar in the gregorian calendar the standard calendar in most of the world 6 almost every fourth year is a leap year each leap year the month of february has 29 days instead of 28 adding one extra day in the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost six hours 7 however this correction is excessive and the gregorian reform modified the julian calendar s scheme of leap years as follows every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year except for years that are exactly divisible by 100 but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400 for example the years 1700 1800 and 1900 are not leap years but the years 1600 and 2000 are 8 1800 calendar showing that february had only 28 days whereas the julian calendar year incorrectly summarised earth s tropical year as 365 25 days the gregorian calendar makes these exceptions to follow a calendar year of 365 2425 days this more closely resembles a mean tropical year of 365 2422 days over a period of four centuries the accumulated error of adding a leap day every four years amounts to about three extra days the gregorian calendar therefore omits three leap days every 400 years which is the length of its leap cycle this is done by omitting 29 february in the three century years multiples of 100 that are not multiples of 400 9 10 by this rule an entire leap cycle is 400 years which totals 146 097 days and the average number of days per year is 365 1 4 1 100 1 400 365 97 400 365 2425 11 this rule could be applied to years before the gregorian reform to create a proleptic gregorian calendar 12 though the result would not match any historical records this graph shows the variations in date and time of the june solstice the gregorian calendar was designed to keep the march equinox on or close to 21 march so that the date of easter celebrated on the sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that falls on or after 21 march remains close to the march equinox 13 the accuracy section of the gregorian calendar article discusses how well the gregorian calendar achieves this objective and how well it approximates the tropical year leap day in the julian and gregorian calendars edit main articles february 29 and bissextus leap day redirects here for other uses see leap day a swedish pocket calendar from 2008 showing 29 february february 1900 calendar showing that 1900 was not a leap year the intercalary day that usually occurs every four years is called leap day and is created by adding an extra day to february this day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure because the earth does not orbit the sun in precisely 365 days since about the 15th century this extra day has been 29 february but when the julian calendar was introduced the leap day was handled differently in two respects first leap day fell within february and not at the end 24 february was doubled to create strangely to modern eyes two days both dated 24 february 14 second the leap day was simply not counted so that a leap year still had 365 days 15 early roman practice edit further information julian calendar motivation the earliest roman calendar was a lunisolar one but it was abandoned about 450 bc by the decemviri 16 who implemented the roman republican calendar used until 46 bc the republic s calendar consisted of 12 months for a total of 355 days in addition a 27 day intercalary month the mensis intercalaris was sometimes inserted into february at the first or second day after the terminalia a d vii kal mar 23 february to resynchronise calendar with the solar year the remaining days of februarius were discarded this intercalary month named intercalaris or mercedonius contained 27 days the religious festivals that were normally celebrated in the last five days of february were moved to the last five days of intercalaris the days of the months were counted down inclusively to the next named day so 24 february was ante diem sextum kalendas martias the sixth day before the calends of march often abbreviated a d vi kal mart the romans counted days inclusively in their calendars so this was the fifth day before 1 march when counted in the modern exclusive manner i e not including both the starting and ending day 17 because only 22 or 23 days were effectively added not a full lunation the calends and ides of the roman republican calendar were no longer associated with the new moon and full moon 18 julian reform edit in caesar s revised calendar there was just one intercalary day nowadays called the leap day to be inserted every fourth year and this too was done after 23 february to create the intercalary day the existing ante diem sextum kalendas martias sixth day inclusive i e what we would call the fifth day before before the kalends first day of march i e what we would call 24 february was doubled 19 producing ante diem bis sextum kalendas martias a second sixth day before the kalends this bis sextum twice sixth was rendered in later languages as bissextile the bissextile day is the leap day and a bissextile year is a year which includes a leap day 20 this second instance of the sixth day before the kalends of march was inserted in calendars between the normal fifth and sixth days by legal fiction the romans treated both the first sixth day and the additional sixth day before the kalends of march as one day thus a child born on either of those days in a leap year would have its first birthday on the following sixth day before the kalends of march in a leap year in the original julian calendar there were indeed two days both numbered 24 february this practice continued for another fifteen to seventeen centuries even after most countries had adopted the gregorian calendar citation needed for legal purposes the two days of the bis sextum were considered to be a single day with the second sixth being intercalated but in common practice by the year 238 when censorinus wrote the intercalary day was followed by the last five days of february a d vi v iv iii and pridie kal mart the days numbered 24 25 26 27 and 28 from the beginning of february in a common year so that the intercalated day was the first of the doubled pair thus the intercalated day was effectively inserted between the 23rd and 24th days of february all later writers including macrobius about 430 bede in 725 and other medieval computists calculators of easter continued to state that the bissextum bissextile day occurred before the last five days of february citation needed in england the church and civil society continued the roman practice whereby the leap day was simply not counted so that a leap year was only reckoned as 365 days henry iii s 1236 statute de anno et die bissextili b instructed magistrates to treat the leap day and the day before as one day 21 20 the practical application of the rule is obscure it was regarded as in force in the time of the famous lawyer sir edward coke 1552 1634 because he cites it in his institutes of the lawes of england however coke merely quotes the act with a short translation and does not give practical examples and by b the statute de anno bissextili it is provided quod computentur dies ille excrescens et dies proxime præcedens pro unico dii so as in computation that day excrescent is not accounted 22 29 february edit replacement by 29 february of the awkward practice of having two days with the same date appears to have evolved by custom and practice the etymological origin of the term bissextile seems to have been lost 14 in england in the fifteenth century 29 february appears increasingly often in legal documents although the records of the proceedings of the house of commons of england continued to use the old system until the middle of the sixteenth century 14 it was not until the passage of the calendar new style act 1750 that 29 february was formally recognised in british law 23 c liturgical practices edit in the older roman missal feast days falling on or after 24 february are celebrated one day later in a leap year in the liturgical calendar of the christian churches the placement of the leap day is significant because of the date of the feast of saint matthias which is defined as the sixth day before 1 march counting inclusively the church of england s book of common prayer was still using the two days with the same date system in its 1542 edition 25 it first included a calendar which used entirely consecutive day counting from 1662 and showed leap day as falling on 29 february 26 in the 1680s the church of england declared 25 february to be the feast of st matthias 27 until 1970 the roman catholic church always celebrated the feast of saint matthias on a d vi kal mart so if the days were numbered from the beginning of the month it was named 24 february in common years but the presence of the bissextum in a bissextile year immediately before a d vi kal mart shifted the latter day to 25 february in leap years with the vigil of st matthias shifting from 23 february to the leap day of 24 february this shift did not take place in pre reformation norway and iceland pope alexander iii ruled that either practice was lawful 28 other feasts normally falling on 25 28 february in common years are also shifted to the following day in a leap year although they would be on the same day according to the roman notation the practice is still observed by those who use the older calendars citation needed in the eastern orthodox church the feast of st john cassian is celebrated on 29 february but he is instead commemorated at compline on 28 february in non leap years the feast of st matthias is celebrated in august so leap years do not affect his commemoration and while the feast of the first and second findings of the head of john the baptist is celebrated on 24 february the orthodox church calculates days from the beginning of the current month rather than counting down days to the kalends of the following month this is not affected thus only the feast of st john cassian and any movable feasts associated with the lenten or pre lenten cycles are affected citation needed folk traditions edit a spinster eagerly awaits the upcoming leap day in this 1903 cartoon by bob satterfield in ireland and britain it is a tradition that women may propose marriage only in leap years while it has been claimed that the tradition was initiated by saint patrick or brigid of kildare in 5th century ireland this is dubious as the tradition has not been attested before the 19th century 29 supposedly a 1288 law by queen margaret of scotland then age five and living in norway required that fines be levied if a marriage proposal was refused by the man compensation was deemed to be a pair of leather gloves a single rose 1 and a kiss 30 d in some places the tradition was tightened to restricting female proposals to the modern leap day 29 february or to the medieval bissextile leap day 24 february citation needed according to felten a play from the turn of the 17th century the maydes metamorphosis has it that this is leape year women wear breeches a few hundred years later breeches wouldn t do at all women looking to take advantage of their opportunity to pitch woo were expected to wear a scarlet petticoat fair warning if you will 31 in finland the tradition is that if a man refuses a woman s proposal on leap day he should buy her the fabrics for a skirt 32 in france since 1980 a satirical newspaper titled la bougie du sapeur is published only on leap year on 29 february 33 in greece marriage in a leap year is considered unlucky 34 one in five engaged couples in greece will plan to avoid getting married in a leap year 35 in february 1988 the town of anthony texas declared itself the leap year capital of the world and an international leapling birthday club was started 36 1908 postcards woman capturing man with butterfly net women eagerly awaiting the coming leap year histrionically preparing birthdays edit a person born on 29 february may be called a leapling or a leaper 37 in common years they celebrate their birthdays on 28 february or 1 march technically a leapling will have fewer birthday anniversaries than their age in years this phenomenon may be exploited for dramatic effect when a person is declared to be only a quarter of their actual age by counting their leap year birthday anniversaries only for example in gilbert and sullivan s 1879 comic opera the pirates of penzance frederic the pirate apprentice discovers that he is bound to serve the pirates until his 21st birthday that is when he turns 88 years old since 1900 was not a leap year rather than until his 21st year 38 for legal purposes legal birthdays depend on how local laws count time intervals taiwan edit english wikisource has original text related to this article civil code part i general principles the civil code of taiwan since 10 october 1929 39 implies that the legal birthday of a leapling is 1 march in common years if a period fixed by weeks months and years does not commence from the beginning of a week month or year it ends with the ending of the day which precedes the day of the last week month or year which corresponds to that on which it began to commence but if there is no corresponding day in the last month the period ends with the ending of the last day of the last month 40 hong kong edit since 1990 non retroactively hong kong considers the legal birthday of a leapling 1 march in common years 41 the time at which a person attains a particular age expressed in years shall be the commencement of the anniversary corresponding to the date of their birth where a person has been born on february 29 in a leap year the relevant anniversary in any year other than a leap year shall be taken to be march 1 this section shall apply only where the relevant anniversary falls on a date after the date of commencement of this ordinance united kingdom edit see also bissextus bissextile in the uk a leapling s legal birthday is considered to be 1 march 42 revised julian calendar edit the revised julian calendar adds an extra day to february in years that are multiples of four except for years that are multiples of 100 that do not leave a remainder of 200 or 600 when divided by 900 this rule agrees with the rule for the gregorian calendar until 2799 the first year that dates in the revised julian calendar will not agree with those in the gregorian calendar will...