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riedrich ranke 13 and will erich peuckert 14 followed grimm s example in focussing solely on the literary narrative an approach that was enriched particularly after the 1960s 15 by addressing questions of performance and the anthropological and psychological insights provided in considering legends social context questions of categorising legends in hopes of compiling a content based series of categories on the line of the aarne thompson folktale index provoked a search for a broader new synthesis in an early attempt at defining some basic questions operative in examining folk tales friedrich ranke de in 1925 16 characterised the folk legend as a popular narrative with an objectively untrue imaginary content a dismissive position that was subsequently largely abandoned 17 compared to the highly structured folktale legend is comparatively amorphous helmut de boor noted in 1928 18 the narrative content of legend is in realistic mode rather than the wry irony of folktale 19 wilhelm heiske 20 remarked on the similarity of motifs in legend and folktale and concluded that in spite of its realistic mode legend is not more historical than folktale in einleitung in der geschichtswissenschaft 1928 ernst bernheim asserted that a legend is simply a longstanding rumour 21 gordon allport credited the staying power of some rumours to the persistent cultural state of mind that they embody and capsulise 22 thus urban legends are a feature of rumour 23 when willian hugh jansen suggested that legends that disappear quickly were short term legends and the persistent ones be termed long term legends the distinction between legend and rumour was effectively obliterated tangherlini concluded 24 christian legenda edit main article legendary hagiography in a narrow christian sense legenda things to be read on a certain day in church were hagiographical accounts often collected in a legendary because saints lives are often included in many miracle stories legend in a wider sense came to refer to any story that is set in a historical context but that contains supernatural divine or fantastic elements 25 oral tradition edit main article oral tradition history preserved orally through many generations often takes on a more narrative based or mythological form over time 26 an example being the oral traditions of the african great lakes urban legend edit main article urban legend urban legends are a modern genre of folklore that is rooted in local popular culture usually comprising fictional stories that are often presented as true with macabre or humorous elements these legends can be used for entertainment purposes as well as semi serious explanations for seemingly mysterious events such as disappearances and strange objects the term urban legend as generally used by folklorists has appeared in print since at least 1968 27 jan harold brunvand professor of english at the university of utah introduced the term to the general public in a series of popular books published beginning in 1981 brunvand used his collection of legends the vanishing hitchhiker american urban legends their meanings 1981 to make two points first that legends and folklore do not occur exclusively in so called primitive or traditional societies and second that one could learn much about urban and modern culture by studying such tales the tale of the white lady who haunts union cemetery is a variant of the vanishing hitchhiker legend bahay na pula in the philippines is believed to be haunted by all those who were murdered and raped by the japanese army within the property during world war ii related concepts edit giants mata and grifone celebrated in the streets of messina italy the second week of august according to a legend are founders of the sicilian city the mediaeval legend of genevieve of brabant connected her to treves hippolyte delehaye distinguished legend from myth the legend on the other hand has of necessity some historical or topographical connection it refers imaginary events to some real personage or it localizes romantic stories in some definite spot 28 from the moment a legend is retold as fiction its authentic legendary qualities begin to fade and recede in the legend of sleepy hollow washington irving transformed a local hudson river valley legend into a literary anecdote with gothic overtones which actually tended to diminish its character as genuine legend 29 stories that exceed the boundaries of realism are called fables for example the talking animal formula of aesop identifies his brief stories as fables and not legends the parable of the prodigal son would be a legend if it were told as having actually happened to a specific son of a historical father if it included a donkey that gave sage advice to the prodigal son it would be a fable citation needed legend may be transmitted orally passed on person to person or in the original sense through written text jacobus de voragine s legenda aurea or the golden legend comprises a series of vitae or instructive biographical narratives tied to the liturgical calendar of the roman catholic church they are presented as lives of the saints but the profusion of miraculous happenings and above all their uncritical context are characteristics of hagiography the legenda was intended to inspire extemporized homilies and sermons appropriate to the saint of the day 30 see also edit legendary saga legendary creature lists of legendary creatures the matter of britain arthurian legend matter of france narrative history non fiction novel references edit georges robert owens michael 1995 folkloristics united states of america indiana university press p 7 isbn 0 253 32934 5 baldick chris 2015 legend oxford university press oxford reference online isbn 978 0 19 871544 3 archived from the original on 2021 04 26 retrieved 2021 04 24 a story or group of stories handed down through popular oral tradition usually consisting of an exaggerated or unreliable account of some actually or possibly historical person often a saint monarch or popular hero legends are sometimes distinguished from myths in that they concern human beings rather than gods and sometimes in that they have some sort of historical basis whereas myths do not but these distinctions are difficult to maintain consistently the term was originally applied to accounts of saints lives bascom william russell 1965 the forms of folklore prose narratives university of california pp 4 5 9 myths are often associated with theology and ritual their main characters are not usually human beings but they often have human attributes they are animals deities or culture heroes whose actions are set in an earlier world when the earth was different from what it is today or in another world such as the sky or underworld legends are more often secular than sacred and their principal characters are human they tell of migrations wars and victories deeds of past heroes chiefs and kings and succession in ruling dynasties norbert krapf beneath the cherry sapling legends from franconia new york fordham university press 1988 devotes his opening section to distinguishing the genre of legend from other narrative forms such as fairy tale he reiterates the grimms definition of legend as a folktale historically grounded according to hans sebald s review in german studies review 13 2 may 1990 p 312 tangherlini it happened not too far from here a survey of legend theory and characterization western folklore 49 4 october 1990 371 390 p 385 that is to say specifically located in place and time oxford english dictionary s v legend 1 2 harper douglas legendary online etymology dictionary retrieved 10 june 2013 legendry merriam webster com dictionary merriam webster oclc 1032680871 patrick collinson elizabethans truth and legend the veracity of john foxe s book of martyrs 2003 151 77 balances the authentic records and rhetorical presentation of foxe s acts and monuments itself a mighty force of protestant legend making sherry l reames the legenda aurea a reexamination of its paradoxical history 1985 examines the renaissance verdict on the legenda and its wider influence in skeptical approaches to catholic hagiography in general das märchen ist poetischer die sage historischer quoted at the commencement of tangherlini s survey of legend scholarship tangherlini 1990 371 wehrhan die sage leipzig 1908 ranke grundfragen der volkssagen forshung in leander petzoldt ed vergleichende sagenforschung 1971 1 20 noted by tangherlini 1990 peuckert sagen munich e schmidt 1965 this was stimulated in part tangherlini suggests by the 1962 congress of the international society for folk narrative research ranke grundfragen der volkssagenforschung niederdeutsche zeitschrift für volkskunde 3 1925 reprinted 1969 charles l perdue jt reviewing linda dégh and andrew vászony s essay the crack on the red goblet or truth and the modern legend in richard m dorson ed folklore in the modern world the hague mouton 1978 in the journal of american folklore 93 no 369 july september 1980 367 remarked on ranke s definition criticized in the essay as a dead issue a more recent examination of the balance between oral performance and literal truth at work in legends forms gillian bennett s chapter legend performance and truth in gillian bennett and paul smith eds contemporary legend garland 1996 17 40 de boor märchenforschung zeitschrift für deutschkunde 42 1928 563 81 lutz röhrich märchen und wirklichkeit eine volkskundliche untersuchung wiesbaden steiner verlag 1956 9 26 heiske das märchen ist poetischer die sage historischer versuch einer kritik deutschunterricht 14 1962 69 75 bernheim einleitung in der geschichtswissenschaft berlin de gruyter 1928 allport the psychology of rumor new york holt rinehart 1947 164 bengt af klintberg folksägner i dag fataburen 1976 269 96 william hugh jansen legend oral tradition in the modern experience folklore today a festschrift for richard m dorson bloomington indiana university press 1972 265 72 noted in tangherlini 1990 375 literary or profane legends archived 2010 06 11 at the wayback machine catholic encyclopedia vansina jan 1985 oral tradition as history university of wisconsin press isbn 978 0 299 10213 5 oxford english dictionary 2d ed 1989 entry for urban legend citing r m dorson in t p coffin our living traditions xiv 166 1968 see also william b edgerton the ghost in search of help for a dying man journal of the folklore institute vol 5 no 1 pp 31 38 41 1968 hippolyte delehaye the legends of the saints an introduction to hagiography 1907 archived 2010 01 10 at the wayback machine chapter i preliminary definitions encyclopædia britannica 2006 fable britannica concise encyclopedia chicago illinois encyclopædia britannica p 652 isbn 9781593392932 timothy r tangherlini it happened not too far from here a survey of legend theory and characterization western folklore 49 4 october 1990 371 390 a condensed survey with extensive bibliography v t e folklore genres and types narrative animal tale fable fairy tale list tall tales parable personal narrative oral tradition folk etymology false joke nursery rhyme proverb repositories riddle saying word game folk belief birthstone crossroads folk religion folk saint ghostlore legend tripping luminous gemstones mythology old wives tale ritual silver bullet weather lore folk arts folk art folk costume folk epic folk dance folk instrument folk music folk play folk poetry folk wrestling foodways society cunning folk fakelore folk devil folk healer folk hero see also folklore studies morphology folkloristics aarne thompson uther index motif index of folk literature storytelling tradition knowledge medicine story vernacular v t e narrative character antagonist antihero characterization character arc character flaw tragic foil hero tragic protagonist stock characters list supporting character sidekick villain miscellaneous character roles byronic hero confidant deuteragonist false protagonist focal character self insertion tritagonist unseen character form medium dramatic ballet film musical opera play roleplay television show folkloric fable fairy tale legend myth tall tale literary narrative poem epic novel novella short story vignette other comic graphic novel static narrative narrative quilting tapestry song video game genre list fiction action adventure comedy satire coming of age crime docu erotic flash historical western inspirational mystery nautical paranoid philosophical parable political pop culture psychological romance speculative fantasy horror science theological thriller urban nonfiction autobiography biography creative nonfiction documentary history literacy narrative memoir nature narrative travel narrative true crime plot plot elements act scene action backstory origin story conflict denouement resolution exposition hook pace plot structures list reveal story arc subplot suspense plot devices chekhov s gun cliffhanger eucatastrophe false ending flashback flashforward foreshadowing in medias res macguffin red herring plot twist story within a story frame story other narrative elements narration point of view breaking the fourth wall diegesis first person narration multiple narration stream of consciousness unconsciousness subjectivity and objectivity unreliable narration setting alternate history dreamworld dystopia fictional location city country universe parallel utopia worldbuilding style comic relief bathos convention trope dialogue diction literal and figurative language imagery irony literary narrative devices list mode mood motif show don t tell tone theme allegory ambiguity good versus evil empathy in literature human condition moral poetic justice philosophy and literature symbolism related concepts fiction concepts canon continuity crossover fiction writing fourth wall metafiction parallel fiction reboot retcon screenwriting series fiction suspension of disbelief trope verisimilitude miscellaneous concepts dominant narrative genre of literature list literary criticism literary theory narrative identity narrative paradigm narrative therapy narratology political narrative prequel sequel rhetoric glossary series of works storytelling tellability authority control databases international gnd national united states france bnf data japan czech republic 2 spain israel other internet encyclopedia of ukraine yale lux retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title legend oldid 1377623112 categories legends adventure fiction folklore literary genres narratology traditional stories hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links webarchive template wayback links all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from april 2017 this page was last edited on 30 september 2026 at 06 05 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license 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