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ohabitation fictive milk nurture kinship descent cognatic bilateral matrilateral lineal collateral house society avunculate linealities ambilineality unilineality matrilineality patrilineality household forms and residence extended matrifocal matrilocal neolocal nuclear patrilocal terminology kinship terminology classificatory terminologies by group iroquois crow omaha inuit eskimo hawaiian sudanese dravidian debated case studies australian aboriginal burmese chinese philippine polyandry in tibet in india feminist chambri mosuo sexuality coming of age in samoa major theorists diane bell tom boellstorff jack goody w d hamilton joseph henrich gilbert herdt don kulick roger lancaster louise lamphere eleanor leacock claude lévi strauss bronisław malinowski margaret mead henrietta moore lewis h morgan stephen o murray michelle rosaldo gayle rubin david m schneider heinrich schurtz marilyn strathern related articles alliance theory matrilineal matrilocal societies feminist anthropology sex and repression in savage society social bonding and nurture kinship the traffic in women social anthropology cultural anthropology v t e lewis henry morgan november 21 1818 december 17 1881 was an american anthropologist and social theorist who worked as a railroad lawyer he is best known for his work on kinship and social structure his theories of social evolution and his ethnography of the haudenosaunee iroquois interested in what holds societies together he proposed the concept that the earliest human domestic institution was the matrilineal clan not the patriarchal family also interested in what leads to social change he was a contemporary of the european social theorists karl marx and friedrich engels who were influenced by reading his work on social structure and material culture the influence of technology on progress morgan is the only american social theorist to be cited by such diverse scholars as marx charles darwin and sigmund freud elected as a member of the national academy of sciences morgan served as president of the american association for the advancement of science in 1880 1 morgan was a republican member of the new york state assembly monroe co 2nd d in 1861 and of the new york state senate in 1868 and 1869 biography edit the american morgans edit according to herbert marshall lloyd an attorney and editor of morgan s works lewis was descended from james morgan a welsh pioneer 2 various sources record that james and his brothers miles and john the three sons of william morgan of llandaff glamorganshire left wales for boston in 1636 from there john morgan went to virginia miles to springfield massachusetts and james to new london connecticut 3 4 early life and education edit in 1797 jedediah morgan 1774 1826 married amanda stanton settling on a 100 acre gift of land from his father after she had five children and died jedediah married harriet steele of hartford connecticut they had eight more children including lewis as an adult he adopted the middle initial h 5 morgan later decided that this h if anything stood for henry 6 at his death in 1826 jedediah left 500 acres with herds and flocks in trust for the support of his family this provided for education as well morgan studied classical subjects at cayuga academy latin greek rhetoric and mathematics 7 his father had bequeathed money specifically for his college education after giving land to the other children for their occupations morgan chose union college in schenectady due to his work at cayuga academy morgan finished college in two years 1838 1840 graduating at age 22 the curriculum continued study of classics combined with science especially mechanics and optics 8 morgan was strongly interested in the works of the french naturalist georges cuvier eliphalet nott the president of union college was an inventor of stoves and a boiler he held 31 patents a presbyterian minister he kept the young men under a tight discipline forbidding alcoholic beverages and requiring students to get permission to go to town he held up the bible as the one practical standard for all behavior his career ended with some notoriety when he was investigated by the state for attempting to raise funds for the college through a lottery the students evaded his strict regime by founding secret and forbidden fraternities such as the kappa alpha society lewis morgan joined in 1839 9 the new confederacy of the iroquois edit masonic temple constructed 1819 in aurora after the morgan affair the building was not used for freemasonry from 1827 to 1846 the gordian knot met on the second floor in the early 1840s in 1847 the scipio lodge 110 started masonic activities again after graduating in 1840 morgan returned to aurora to read the law with an established firm 10 in 1842 he was admitted to the bar in rochester where he went into partnership with a union classmate george f danforth a future judge they could find no clients as the nation was in an economic depression which had started with the panic of 1837 morgan wrote essays which he had begun to do while studying law and published some in the knickerbocker under the pen name aquarius 11 on january 1 1841 morgan and some friends from cayuga academy formed a secret fraternal society which they called the gordian knot 12 as morgan s earliest essays from that time had classical themes the club may have been a kind of literary society as was common then in 1841 or 1842 the young men redefined the society renaming it the order of the iroquois morgan referred to this event as cutting the knot in 1843 they named it the grand order of the iroquois followed by the new confederacy of the iroquois 13 the men intended to resurrect the spirit of the haudenosaunee iroquois they tried to learn the languages assumed haudenosaunee names and organized the group by the historic pattern of the haudenosaunee nations in 1844 they received permission from the former freemasons of aurora to use the upper floor of the masonic temple as a meeting hall new members underwent a secret rite called inindianation in which they were transformed spiritually into iroquois 14 they met in the summer around campfires and paraded yearly through the town in costume 15 morgan seemed infused with the spirit of the iroquois he said we are now upon the very soil over which they exercised dominion poetry still lingers around the scenery 16 these new iroquois retained a literary frame of mind but they intended to focus on the writing of a native american epic that would define national identity 17 encounter with the haudenosaunee edit finger lakes upstate new york after the revolutionary war the united states had forced the four haudenosaunee nations allied with the british to cede their lands and migrate to canada by specific treaties the us set aside small reservations in new york for their own allies the onondaga and seneca in the 1840s long after the war the ogden land company a real estate venture laid claim to the seneca tonawanda reservation on the basis of a fraudulent treaty the seneca sued and had representatives at the state capital pressing their case when morgan was there the delegation led by jimmy johnson its chief officer and son of chief red jacket were essentially former officers of what was left of the haudenosaunee confederacy johnson s 16 year old grandson ha sa ne an da ely parker accompanied them as their interpreter as he had attended a mission school and was bilingual by chance morgan and the young parker encountered each other in an albany book store soon intrigued by morgan s talk of the new confederacy parker invited the older man to interview johnson and meet the delegation morgan took pages of organizational notes which he used to remodel the new confederacy beyond such details of scholarship morgan and the seneca men formed deep attachments of friendship 18 grant s staff ely parker sits on the left the ogden land company affair edit meanwhile the organization had had activist goals from the beginning in his initial new gordius address morgan had said 19 when the last tribe shall slumber in the grass it is to be feared that the stain of blood will be found on the escutcheon of the american republic this nation must shield their declining day in 1838 the ogden land company began a campaign to defraud the remaining haudenosaunee in new york of their lands by haudenosaunee law only a unanimous vote of all the chiefs sitting in council could effect binding decisions relating to the tribe the olc set about to purchase the votes of as many chiefs as it could plying some with alcohol the chiefs in many cases complied believing any resolutions to sell the land would be defeated in council obtaining a majority vote for sale at one council called for the purpose the olc took their treaty to the congress of the united states which knew nothing of haudenosaunee law president martin van buren advised congress that the treaty was fraudulent but on june 11 1838 congress adopted it as a resolution after being compensated for their land by 1 67 per acre morgan said it was worth 16 per acre the seneca were to be evicted forthwith 20 the great majority of the tribe were against the sale of the land when they discovered they had been defrauded they were galvanized to action the new confederacy stepped into the case on the side of the seneca conducting a major publicity campaign they held mass meetings circulated a general petition and spoke to congressmen in washington the us indian agent and ethnologist henry rowe schoolcraft and other influential men became honorary members in 1846 a general convention of the population of genesee county new york sent morgan to congress with a counter offer the seneca were allowed to buy back some land at 20 per acre at which time the tonawanda reservation was created the previous treaty was thrown out returning home morgan was adopted into the hawk clan seneca tribe as the son of jimmy johnson on october 31 1847 21 in part to honor his work with the seneca on the reservation issues they named him tayadaowuhkuh meaning bridging the gap between the haudenosaunee and the european americans 22 l h morgan about 1848 after morgan was admitted to the tribe he lost interest in the new confederacy the group retained its secrecy and initiation requirements but they were being hotly disputed 23 when internal dissent began to impede the group s efficacy in 1847 morgan stopped attending for practical purposes it ceased to exist but morgan and parker continued with a series of iroquois letters to the american whig review edited by george colton 24 the seneca case dragged on finally in 1857 the supreme court of the united states affirmed that only the federal government could evict the seneca from their land as it declined to do that the case was over 25 marriage and family edit in 1851 morgan summarized his investigation of haudenosaunee customs in his first book of note league of the iroquois one of the founding works of ethnology in it he compares systems of kinship in that year also he married his cross cousin mary elizabeth steele his companion and partner for the rest of his life she had intended to become a presbyterian missionary on their wedding day he presented to her an ornate copy of his new book it was dedicated to his collaborator ely parker 26 in 1853 mary s father died leaving her a large inheritance the morgans bought a brownstone in a wealthy suburb of rochester in that year they had a son lemuel who turned out to be mentally handicapped 27 morgan s rising fame had brought him public attention and lemuel s condition on no specific evidence was universally attributed to the first cousin marriage the morgans had to endure perpetual criticism which they accepted as true lewis going so far as to take a stand against cousin marriage in his book ancient society 28 the morgan marriage nevertheless remained a close and affectionate one 29 in 1856 mary elisabeth was born and in 1860 helen king morgan and his wife were active in the first presbyterian church of rochester although it was mainly of interest to mary lewis refused to make the public profession of christ that was necessary for full membership 30 supporting education edit for several years his ethnical interests lay dormant 30 but morgan and other leading men of rochester decided to found a university the university of rochester it did not support the matriculation of women the group resolved to found a college for women the barleywood female university which was advertised but apparently never started in the same year of its foundation 1852 the donor of the land on which it was to be located gave it to the university of rochester instead morgan was gravely disappointed he believed that equality of the sexes is a mark of advanced civilization for the present he lacked the wealth and connections to prevent the collapse of barleywood later he would serve as a founding trustee of the board of wells college in aurora in addition he and mary would leave their estate to the university of rochester for the foundation of a women s college 31 success at last edit in 1855 morgan and other rochester businessmen invested in the expanding metals industry of the upper peninsula of michigan after a brief sojourn on the 5 man board of the iron mountain railroad morgan joined them in creating the bay de noquet and marquette railroad company connecting the entire upper peninsula by a single ore bearing line 22 he became its attorney and director at that time the u s government was selling lands previously confiscated from the natives in cases where the sale benefited the public good although the upper peninsula was known for its great natural beauty the discovery of iron persuaded morgan and others to develop wide scale mining and industrialization of the peninsula he spent the next few years between washington lobbying for the sale of the land to his company and in large cities such as detroit and chicago where he fought lawsuits to prevent competitors from taking it 32 in 1861 in the middle of his field work morgan was elected as member of the new york state assembly on the republican ticket the morgans traditionally had belonged to the whigs which dissolved in 1856 most whigs joined the republicans created in 1854 morgan did not run with any agenda except his own as it pertained to the iroquois he was seeking appointment by the president of the united states as commissioner of the new bureau of indian affairs bia morgan anticipated that william h seward would be elected president and outlined to him plans to employ the natives in the manufacture and sale of indian goods 33 field anthropologist edit after attending the 1856 meeting of the american association for the advancement of science morgan decided on an ethnology study to compare kinship systems he conducted a field research program funded by himself and the smithsonian institution 1859 1862 he made four expeditions two to the plains tribes of kansa...