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mbedding artificial light within objects or architecture or by playing with light through the use of transparent translucent or reflective materials light and space artists make the spectator s experience of light and other sensory phenomena under specific conditions the focus of their work 2 from the movement s inception artists were incorporating into their work the latest technologies of the southern california based engineering and aerospace industries to develop sensuous light filled objects 3 james turrell who has spread the movement worldwide summed up its philosophy in saying we eat light drink it in through our skins 4 light and space artists edit the 1971 exhibition transparency reflection light space four artists curated by frederick s wight the founding director ucla art galleries of the ucla school of the arts and architecture is widely recognized for introducing the term light and space 5 by assembling the sensory oriented works of peter alexander larry bell robert irwin laddie john dill and craig kauffman the exhibition shifted emphasis from traditional subject matter to the perceptual experiences of viewers industrial materials such as glass resin and plastics were employed to transform the gallery environment the exhibition catalog became an artifact of its time notably including an interview in which larry bell removed all vowels from his responses as an act of artistic defiance 6 additional artists associated with the movement are robert irwin lita albuquerque 7 ron cooper mary corse fred eversley 8 john mccracken bruce nauman maria nordman eric orr helen pashgian joe ray james turrell dewain valentine doug wheeler norman zammitt 9 chris burden and elyn zimmerman 10 11 late artists mel and dorothy tanner began their light and space art in the 1960s unaware of the movement in california a famous group of abstract color theory artists were influenced by the light and space movement notably frederick spratt 12 phil sims anne appleby and david simpson legacy edit the legacy of the light and space movement can be seen in the work of important contemporary artists such as casper brindle 13 olafur eliasson 14 brigitte kowanz 15 ann veronica janssens 16 jennifer steinkamp 17 amadour 18 kaloust guedel 19 leo villareal doug aitken phillip k smith iii gisela colon 20 21 and shana mabari 22 themes edit irwin and turrell for instance investigated the phenomenon of sensory deprivation which influenced the development of their similarly spare light works as part of the art and technology program initiated by the los angeles county museum of art in 1967 wheeler s rm 669 1969 comprises curved white walls encased by a floor and ceiling that seem to recede with every step one takes toward the square of light positioned on the far wall 23 rendering viewers unable to fix their eyes on any surface 24 for his series of works on the theme of alchemy eric orr has used natural light as well as blood and fire in his environments that produce extreme retinal responses 25 mary corse s large white on white glass canvases have glass micro beads embedded in the acrylic paint to create a surface that shifts dramatically with the light helen pashgian created acrylic spheres globes with an unreal glow seemingly lighted from within 26 more recently gisela colon who has been recognized in artforum as a next generation light and space artist has created irregularly shaped wall mounted acrylic orbs scarab like objects achieve their iridescence via the play of natural light yet the sculptures appear to change color as one moves around them as if lit by multihued bulbs 27 28 the movement is also referred to as california minimalism as art critic sascha crasnow notes due to its incorporation of minimalism s reductive qualities while introducing a distinct californian emphasis on the interaction of light and space additionally it is closely associated with finish fetish a term introduced by john coplans in the late 1960s which denotes the use of plastics with glossy finishes and highly polished surfaces as exemplified by artists such as billy al bengston craig kauffman ken price and john mccracken 29 john mccracken states the following i was always primarily interested in form alone but then to make a form you have to make it out of something so color seemed a natural material to use because color is abstract if you make a form that appears to be composed of color then you have something an object that s pretty abstract just form alone would be more abstract of course because it s just a mental idea but you don t have anything there for your perceptions to grapple with unless you make it out of a material however if you make it out of metal or stone or wood or whatever then you have something that to my mind may overemphasize the physical aspect and therefore be difficult to perceive as purely mental an important thought behind this is that all things are essentially mental that matter while quite real on the one hand is on the other hand composed of energy and in turn of pure thought 30 exhibitions edit light and space art from california was shown at germano celant s influential exhibition of environment based art at the 1976 venice biennale ambiente arte dal futurismo alla body art 31 the movement has rarely been shown together as wheeler rejected to be included in major museum exhibitions because of his doubts that the works would be shown in the way they were intended 32 and nordman refuses to be in group shows on light and space 33 in 2010 david zwirner gallery new york presented an historic exhibition titled primary atmospheres a term coined by art critic dave hickey to describe the contributions of southern california artists to the light space movement 34 as part of a series of exhibitions during the 2011 pacific standard time initiative the museum of contemporary art san diego held a major survey exhibition of perceptual art titled phenomenal california light space surface organized by the museum s then curator robin clark 35 references edit butterfield jan 1993 the art of light and space new york abbeville press isbn 9781558592728 phenomenal california light space surface september 25 2011 january 22 2012 museum of contemporary art san diego la jolla views and visions exploring the california landscape march 1 july 20 2003 archived may 18 2013 at the wayback machine orange county museum of art newport beach bruce watson light a radiant history from creation to the quantum age bloomsbury 2016 p xi the dark sides of light and space gagosian quarterly gagosian 2025 10 08 retrieved 2026 03 14 transparency reflection light space four artists peter alexander larry bell robert irwin craig kauffman 1971 ex cat light space exhibition copenhagen contemporary 2021 01 14 retrieved 2024 02 17 fred eversley hammer museum jonathan griffin norman zammitt californian modernist had his eye to the sky new york times march 14 2024 kenneth baker december 24 2011 s california plays with the light space phenomenon dead link san francisco chronicle michael duncan 9 11 2010 helen pashgian at pomona college museum of art art in america archived copy archived from the original on 2013 11 01 retrieved 2013 11 01 cite web cs1 maint archived copy as title link casper brindle light glyphs and portals to new and strange sensations autre magazine autre magazine 2021 10 20 retrieved 2026 03 14 amadour 2024 07 30 olafur eliasson your light spectrum and presence the brooklyn rail brooklynrail org retrieved 2026 03 14 huck brigitte 2015 10 01 brigitte kowanz artforum retrieved 2026 03 14 ann veronica janssens january 23 2016 april 17 2016 exhibition nasher sculpture center www nashersculpturecenter org retrieved 2026 03 14 greene david a 2006 09 03 jennifer steinkamp frieze no 27 issn 0962 0672 retrieved 2026 03 14 fuoco karasinski christina 2025 09 11 the myth of amadour artist effortlessly travels between genres argonaut news retrieved 2026 03 14 list of 8 light and space famous artists painters hudson susan march 2016 atmospheric abstraction art forum 7 54 281 282 gemmel grace yvette radiant space artsy com artsy retrieved 23 june 2016 illumetric public art shapes santa monica blvd with light cartwheel art 2014 09 16 retrieved 2024 01 22 doug wheeler rm 669 1969 museum of contemporary art los angeles randy kennedy january 15 2012 into the heart of lightness new york times light and space art museum of contemporary art los angeles jori finkel september 18 2011 lesser known artists are poised for a breakthrough los angeles times hudson suzanne march 2016 atmospheric abstraction artforum 54 7 281 282 gleason mat 30 january 2015 gisela colon at ace gallery light space art gains content huffington post retrieved 8 march 2015 the light and space movement combining the momentary and the permanent escalette permanent collection of art at chapman university retrieved 2026 03 14 mccracken kunsthalle basel 1995 ex cat jori finkel september 18 2011 shining a light on light and space art los angeles times randy kennedy january 15 2012 into the heart of lightness new york times jori finkel september 18 2011 shining a light on light and space art los angeles times johnson ken 14 january 2010 primary atmospheres works from california 1960 1970 new york times retrieved 12 may 2015 knight christopher 4 october 2011 art review phenomenal california light space surface los angeles times retrieved 19 november 2021 further reading edit watson bruce 2016 light a radiant history from creation to the quantum age london and ny bloomsbury isbn 978 1 6204 0559 8 v t e premodern modern and contemporary art movements list of art movements periods premodern western ancient thracian dacian nuragic aegean cycladic minoan minyan ware mycenaean greek sub mycenaean protogeometric geometric orientalizing archaic black figure red figure severe style classical kerch style hellenistic baroque indo greek greco buddhist neo attic etruscan scythian iberian gaulish roman republican gallo roman julio claudian pompeian styles trajanic severan medieval late antique early christian coptic ethiopian migration period anglo saxon hunnic insular lombard visigothic donor portrait pictish mozarabic repoblación viking byzantine iconoclast macedonian palaeologan italo byzantine frankish merovingian carolingian pre romanesque ottonian romanesque mosan spanish norman norman sicilian opus anglicanum gothic gothic art in milan international gothic international gothic art in italy lucchese school crusades moscow school novgorod school vladimir suzdal school duecento sienese school mudéjar medieval cartography italian school majorcan school mappa mundi renaissance italian renaissance trecento proto renaissance florentine school pittura infamante quattrocento ferrarese school forlivese school venetian school cinquecento high renaissance bolognese school mannerism counter maniera northern renaissance early netherlandish world landscape ghent bruges school northern mannerism german renaissance cologne school danube school dutch and flemish renaissance antwerp mannerism romanism still life english renaissance tudor court cretan school turquerie fontainebleau school art of the late 16th century in milan 17th century baroque baroque in milan flemish baroque caravaggisti in utrecht tenebrism louis xiii style lutheran baroque stroganov school animal painting guild of romanists dutch golden age delft school capriccio heptanese school classicism louis xiv style poussinists and rubenists 18th century rococo rocaille louis xv style frederician chinoiserie fête galante neoclassicism goût grec louis xvi style adam style directoire style neoclassical architecture in milan picturesque colonial art art of the african diaspora african american caribbean haitian colonial asian art arts in the philippines letras y figuras tipos del país colonial asian baroque company style latin american art casta painting indochristian art chilote school cuzco school quito school latin american baroque art borrowing western elements islamic moorish manichaean mughal qajar qing handicrafts western influence in japan akita ranga uki e transition to modern c 1770 1862 romanticism fairy painting danish golden age troubadour style nazarene movement purismo shoreham ancients düsseldorf school pre raphaelites american hudson river school american luminism orientalism norwich school empire style historicism revivalism biedermeier realism barbizon school costumbrismo verismo macchiaioli academic art munich school in greece neo grec etching revival modern 1863 1944 1863 1899 neo romanticism national romanticism yōga nihonga japonisme anglo japanese style beuron school hague school peredvizhniki impressionism american hoosier group boston school amsterdam canadian heidelberg school aestheticism arts and crafts art pottery tonalism decadent movement symbolism romanian russian volcano school incoherents post impressionism neo impressionism luminism divisionism pointillism pont aven school cloisonnism synthetism les nabis american barbizon school california tonalism wilhelminism costumbrismo 1900 1914 art nouveau art nouveau in milan primitivism california impressionism secessionism school of paris munich secession vienna secession berlin secession sonderbund pennsylvania impressionism mir iskusstva ten american painters fauvism expressionism die brücke der blaue reiter noucentisme deutscher werkbund american realism ashcan school cubism proto cubism orphism a nyolcak neue künstlervereinigung münchen futurism cubo futurism art deco art deco in new york city metaphysical rayonism productivism synchromism vorticism 1915 1944 sosaku hanga suprematism school of paris crystal cubism constructivism latin american universal constructivism dada shin hanga neoplasticism de stijl purism return to order novecento italiano figurative constructivism stupid cologne progressives arbeitsrat für kunst november group australian tonalism dresden secession social realism functionalism bauhaus kinetic art anthropophagy mingei group of seven new objectivity grosvenor school neues sehen surrealism iranian latin american mexican muralism neo fauvism precisionism aeropittura asso scuola romana cercle et carré the group harlem renaissance kapists regionalism california scene painting heroic realism socialist realism nazi art streamline moderne concrete art abstraction création tiki the ten dimensionism boston expressionism leningrad school contemporary and postmodern 1945 present 1945 1959 international typographic style abstract expressionism washington color school visionary art vienna school of fantastic realism spatialism color field lyrical abstraction tachisme arte informale cobra nuagisme generación de la ruptura jikken kōbō metcalf chateau mono ha nanyang style action painting american figurative expressionism in new york new media art new york school hard edge painting bay area figurative movement les plasticiens gutai art association gendai bijutsu kondankai pop art situationist in...