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unusual, sac, parietal, unitegmic, tenuinucellate, differ, woody, lobed, syncarpous, gynoecia, monosporic, sacs, generally, axile, bitegmic, crassinucellate, additionally, fruit, schizocarpic, nutlet, anything, capsules, key, differences, own, tetrasporic, authors, treatises, maintained, thorne, 1976, 1988, nevertheless, states, without, obvious, affinities, takhtajan, hutchinson, 1973, proposed, derived, when, robert, declared, place, absolutely, remarkable, points, structure, namely, presence, glands, subtending, filaments, existence, gynobase, nearly, approaches, hypogynous, than, perigynous, hitherto, associated, ultimately, demurred, assigning, his, subsequent, promoted, divergent, placements, decided, warranted, accordingly, both, tribe, limnantheae, however, disagreed, annuals, simple, compound, pinnate, venation, produced, singly, axils, petals, mostly, fruits, ridged, tuberculate, schizocarps, nutlets, montana, pumila, grandiflora, peck, bellingeriana, parishii, gracilis, 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ade angiosperms clade eudicots clade rosids order brassicales family limnanthaceae r br 1 genera floerkea limnanthes the limnanthaceae are a small family of annual herbs occurring throughout temperate north america there are eight species and nineteen taxa currently recognized members of this family are prominent in vernal pool communities of california some taxa have been domesticated for use as an oil seed crop some members are listed as threatened or endangered and have been the focus of disputes over development plans e g limnanthes floccosa subsp californica 2 limnanthes vinculans 3 the limnanthaceae are members of a recently identified clade brassicales of mustard oil producing plants they have a sharp flavor similar to mustard greens radish or capers 4 two genera are recognized in the family the monotypic genus floerkea inhabits shaded vernally wet habitats in eastern north american deciduous forests high montane islands in the great basin and humid coniferous forests along the northwest coast all seven species of limnanthes with one british columbian exception occur solely in the california floristic province most commonly occupying grassland or savanna vernal pool habitats various taxa of this genus are prominent elements in the flora of the great central valley hogwallow communities the coastal prairie and wet meadows of the coast ranges and the sierra nevada cascade foothills up to 1800 meters disjunct populations occur in the peninsular ranges just north of the mexican border and in the umpqua river valley of central oregon in favorable years limnanthes can cover large areas with white flowers hence the common name meadowfoam and in hogwallow habitats sometimes forms spectacular rings surrounding the deepest parts of the pools two sorts of flowers are found in the family reflecting different breeding systems some taxa have inconspicuous perianths and reproduce largely by self pollination others have large showy flowers usually pentamerous and white some with varying amounts of yellow or ultraviolet others with prominent rose or brown veins and anthers these are fully to predominantly outcrossing usually pollinated by species of solitary bees in the genera panurginus andrena and hesperandrina the flora of north america project has chosen a line drawing of floerkea to serve as its logo because of this taxon s ubiquitous but obscure occurrence in many areas of north america and the diverse aspects of the family including economic and horticultural value endangered species status and fruitful subject of scientific research taxonomy edit limnanthaceae currently consist of two genera eight species and nineteen taxa genus section taxon floerkea willdenow floerkea proserpinacoides willdenow limnanthes r brown limnanthes l bakeri j t howell l douglasii r brown subsp douglasii l douglasii subsp sulphurea c t mason l douglasii subsp nivea c t mason l douglasii subsp rosea hartw in benth c t mason l douglasii subsp striata jepson morin l macounii trel l vinculans ornduff inflexae l alba hartw ex benth subsp alba l alba subsp versicolor greene c t mason l alba subsp gracilis howell morin l alba subsp parishii jepson morin l floccosa howell subsp floccosa l floccosa subsp bellingeriana m e peck arroyo l floccosa subsp californica arroyo l floccosa subsp grandiflora arroyo l floccosa subsp pumila howell arroyo l montana jepson morphology edit limnanthaceae are all herbaceous annuals leaves are alternate simple or compound with pinnate venation flowers are produced singly in the axils of leaves they have 3 4 or 5 petals mostly white fruits are ridged or tuberculate schizocarps nutlets systematics of limnanthaceae edit when robert brown created the family limnanthaceae in 1833 he declared that the place of this new family is not absolutely determined but it is suggested that in two remarkable points of its structure namely the presence of glands subtending the alternate filaments and the existence of a gynobase it more nearly approaches to hypogynous families than to perigynous with which it has hitherto been associated 5 ultimately he demurred from assigning a systematic position to his family subsequent taxonomists promoted various divergent placements bentham and hooker 1862 6 decided that given the great similarity of limnanthes and floerkea to taxa in the geraniaceae family status was not warranted accordingly they placed both genera in the tribe limnantheae in that family engler and prantl 1896 7 however disagreed noting that the position of the seed indicated the family should be placed in the sapindales most recent authors of taxonomic treatises have maintained the family limnanthaceae but placed it in the order geraniales including thorne 1976 cronquist 1988 who nevertheless states that limnanthaceae are without obvious affinities and takhtajan 1980 hutchinson 1973 proposed that limnanthaceae should be included in geraniales but its similarity to caryophyllales which he believed is derived from geraniales suggested that limnanthaceae form a link between these two groups a number of studies over the years have noted various morphological developmental and embryological characters at variance with the geraniales as well as other groups to which limnanthaceae have been assigned maheshwari and johri 1956 conducted an extensive investigation of the morphology of floerkea noting that among other things the herbaceous habit gynobasic style unusual type of tetrasporic embryo sac and basal parietal placentation of the unitegmic tenuinucellate ovules differ from the geraniales which has among its woody to herbaceous members at most lobed syncarpous gynoecia monosporic embryo sacs generally axile placentation and bitegmic crassinucellate ovules additionally the fruit type of limnanthaceae a schizocarpic nutlet is unlike anything in the geraniales most of which produce capsules they also found a number of key differences between limnanthaceae and sapindales and concluded that limnanthaceae should be given their own order 8 hofmann and ludewig 1985 undertook a similar detailed study of the morphology of limnanthes douglasii and made systematic inferences from their findings they concluded that there is nothing in the morphology to suggest a relationship to the coriariaceae suggested by chatin in 1856 geraniales or the sapindales sensu cronquist though they allow that the level in evolution is about the same they also rejected any meaningful similarity between limnanthaceae and tropaeolaceae as suggested by dahlgren who noted the shared possession of certain phytochemicals glucosinolate myrosinase erucic acid and eicosenoic acid they rejected this connection on the grounds that these phytochemicals also occur in the brassicaceae which is assumed to be unrelated and suggest that the secondary compounds must be convergent they concluded that the systematic position of limnanthaceae is uncertain and cannot be presently determined dahlgren 1975 who believed strongly in the systematic value of secondary chemicals placed limnanthaceae in capparales with brassicaceae he later 1980 placed limnanthaceae together with tropaeolaceae in the order tropaeolales buchner halbritter prundner and hesse 1990 investigated the pollen morphology of limnanthaceae and discovered that the zonosulcate morphology is unlike the pollen of any known angiosperm and therefore relationships cannot be inferred from it they reiterated maheshwari and johri s suggestion that a new order the limnanthales should be created to contain the family rodman 1991a b 9 10 included limnanthaceae in a twin phenetic and cladistic analysis of all 15 taxa then known to produce glucosinolates in upgma phenograms limnanthaceae clustered with balsaminaceae similarly cladistic analysis showed limnanthaceae either in a clade with balsaminaceae and sometimes pentadiplandraceae or in a polytomy with balsaminaceae pentadiplandraceae caricacaeae centrospermae and a clade which includes all the rest of the glucosinolate taxa except drypetes rodman et al 1993 1997 11 12 assembled additional dna sequence data sets for glucosinolate taxa and applied cladistic methods to generate hypotheses about relationship they discovered that all the glucosinolate producing taxa save drypetes form a clade despite the paucity of morphological synapomorphies and therefore to the surprise of many taxonomists rbcl sequences have provided well supported evidence for the group s monophyly 18s nuclear ribosomal dna sequences have similarly though less certainly indicated a common ancestor for all the glucosinolate containing plants except drypetes the angiosperm phylogeny group places limnanthaceae in brassicales which is in the malvid rosid ii lineage 13 references edit angiosperm phylogeny group 2009 an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants apg iii botanical journal of the linnean society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x hdl 10654 18083 angel devanie april 19 2001 loving meadowfoam chico news review usa today usatoday com 2006 07 17 angiosperm phylogeny group apg 2003 an update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants apg ii botanical journal of the linnean society 141 4 399 436 doi 10 1046 j 1095 8339 2003 t01 1 00158 x pdf fulltext brown r 1833 characters and descriptions of limnanthes london and edin phil mag 3 70 71 bentham g and j d hooker 1862 genera plantarum 1 part 1 274 275 london engler a and k prantl 1896 die naturlichen pflanzenfamilien teil 3 abt 5 136 137 leipzig maheshwari p johri b m 1956 the morphology and embryology of floerkea proserpinacoides willd with a discussion on the systematic position of the family limnanthaceae the botanical magazine 69 410 423 tokyo rodman j e 1991a a taxonomic analysis of glucosinolate producing plants part 1 phenetics systematic botany 16 598 618 rodman j e 1991b a taxonomic analysis of glucosinolate producing plants part 2 cladistics systematic botany 16 619 629 rodman je price ra karol k conti e sytsma kj palmer jd 1993 nucleotide sequences of the rbcl gene indicate monophyly of mustard oil plants annals of the missouri botanical garden 80 686 699 rodman j e soltis p soltis d sytsma k karol k 1997 plastid rbcl shouts and nuclear 18s ribosomal dna whispers but the message is the same dahlgren cuts the mustard am jour bot 84 6 suppl 6ff stevens p f 2001 onwards angiosperm phylogeny website version 9 june 2008 and more or less continuously updated since v t e families of flowering plants apg iv supergroup plant rhodophyta chlorophyta marchantiophyta bryophyta anthocerotophyta polypodiophyta acrogymnospermae angiospermae basal angio sperms amborellales amborellaceae nymphaeales hydatellaceae cabombaceae nymphaeaceae austrobaileyales austrobaileyaceae trimeniaceae schisandraceae mesangiospermae magnoliidae canellales canellaceae winteraceae piperales aristolochiaceae saururaceae piperaceae magnoliales myristicaceae magnoliaceae degeneriaceae himantandraceae eupomatiaceae annonaceae laurales calycanthaceae siparunaceae gomortegaceae atherospermataceae hernandiaceae monimiaceae lauraceae chloranthidae chloranthales chloranthaceae lilidae monocots acorales acoraceae alismatales araceae tofieldiaceae alismataceae butomaceae hydrocharitaceae scheuchzeriaceae aponogetonaceae juncaginaceae maundiaceae zosteraceae potamogetonaceae posidoniaceae ruppiaceae cymodoceaceae petrosaviales petrosaviaceae dioscoreales nartheciaceae burmanniaceae dioscoreaceae pandanales triuridaceae velloziaceae stemonaceae cyclanthaceae pandanaceae liliales campynemataceae corsiaceae melanthiaceae petermanniaceae alstroemeriaceae colchicaceae philesiaceae ripogonaceae smilacaceae liliaceae asparagales orchidaceae boryaceae blandfordiaceae asteliaceae lanariaceae hypoxidaceae doryanthaceae ixioliriaceae tecophilaeaceae iridaceae xeronemataceae asphodelaceae amaryllidaceae asparagaceae arecales dasypogonaceae arecaceae commelinales hanguanaceae commelinaceae philydraceae pontederiaceae haemodoraceae zingiberales strelitziaceae lowiaceae heliconiaceae musaceae cannaceae marantaceae costaceae zingiberaceae poales typhaceae bromeliaceae rapateaceae xyridaceae eriocaulaceae mayacaceae thurniaceae juncaceae cyperaceae restionaceae flagellariaceae joinvilleaceae ecdeiocoleaceae poaceae ceratophyllidae ceratophyllales ceratophyllaceae eudicots buxales buxaceae proteales sabiaceae nelumbonaceae platanaceae proteaceae ranunculales eupteleaceae papaveraceae circaeasteraceae lardizabalaceae menispermaceae berberidaceae ranunculaceae trochodendrales trochodendraceae dilleniales dilleniaceae gunnerales myrothamnaceae gunneraceae superrosids saxifragales peridiscaceae paeoniaceae altingiaceae hamamelidaceae cercidiphyllaceae daphniphyllaceae iteaceae grossulariaceae saxifragaceae crassulaceae aphanopetalaceae tetracarpaeaceae penthoraceae haloragaceae cynomoriaceae rosids vitales vitaceae fabids cucurbitales apodanthaceae anisophylleaceae corynocarpaceae coriariaceae cucurbitaceae tetramelaceae datiscaceae begoniaceae fabales quillajaceae fabaceae surianaceae polygalaceae fagales nothofagaceae fagaceae myricaceae juglandaceae casuarinaceae ticodendraceae betulaceae rosales rosaceae barbeyaceae dirachmaceae elaeagnaceae rhamnaceae ulmaceae cannabaceae moraceae urticaceae zygophyllales krameriaceae zygophyllaceae celastrales lepidobotryaceae celastraceae malpighiales pandaceae irvingiaceae ctenolophonaceae rhizophoraceae erythroxylaceae ochnaceae bonnetiaceae clusiaceae calophyllaceae podostemaceae hypericaceae caryocaraceae lophopyxidaceae putranjivaceae centroplacaceae elatinaceae malpighiaceae balanopaceae trigoniaceae dichapetalaceae euphroniaceae chrysobalanaceae humiriaceae achariaceae violaceae goupiaceae passifloraceae lacistemataceae salicaceae peraceae rafflesiaceae euphorbiaceae linaceae ixonanthaceae picrodendraceae phyllanthaceae oxalidales huaceae connaraceae oxalidaceae cunoniaceae elaeocarpaceae cephalotaceae brunelliaceae malvids brassicales akaniaceae tropaeolaceae moringaceae caricaceae limnanthaceae setchellanthaceae koeberliniaceae bataceae salvadoraceae emblingiaceae tovariaceae pentadiplandraceae gyrostemonaceae resedaceae capparaceae cleomaceae brassicaceae crossosomatales aphloiaceae geissolomataceae strasburgeriaceae staphyleaceae guamatelaceae stachyuraceae crossosomataceae geraniales geraniaceae francoaceae huerteales gerrardinaceae petenaeaceae tapisciaceae dipentodontaceae malvales cytinaceae muntingiaceae neuradaceae malvaceae sphaerosepalaceae thymelaeaceae bixaceae cistaceae sarcolaenaceae dipterocarpaceae myrtales combretaceae lythraceae onagraceae vochysiaceae myrtaceae melastomataceae crypteroniaceae alzateaceae penaeaceae picramniales picramniaceae sapindales biebersteiniaceae nitrariaceae kirkiaceae burseraceae anacardiaceae sapindaceae rutaceae simaroubaceae meliaceae superasterids berberidopsidales aextoxicaceae berberidopsidaceae...