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l the line of actual control as existed between the chinese and indian sides on 7 november 1959 to put it concretely in the eastern sector it coincides in the main with the so called mcmahon line and in the western and middle sectors it coincides in the main with the traditional customary line which has consistently been pointed out by china 14 15 the term lac gained legal recognition in sino indian agreements signed in 1993 and 1996 the 1996 agreement states no activities of either side shall overstep the line of actual control 16 however clause number 6 of the 1993 agreement on the maintenance of peace and tranquility along the line of actual control in the india china border areas mentions the two sides agree that references to the line of actual control in this agreement do not prejudice their respective positions on the boundary question 17 the indian government claims that chinese troops continue to illegally enter the area hundreds of times every year including aerial sightings and intrusions 18 19 in 2013 there was a three week standoff 2013 daulat beg oldi incident between indian and chinese troops 30 km southeast of daulat beg oldi it was resolved and both chinese and indian troops withdrew in exchange for an indian agreement to destroy some military structures over 250 km to the south near chumar that the chinese perceived as threatening 20 in october 2013 india and china signed a border defence cooperation agreement to ensure that patrolling along the lac does not escalate into armed conflict 21 in october 2024 india announced that it had reached an agreement over patrolling arrangements along the line of actual control lac in the border area which would lead to disengagement and resolution of the long running conflict that began in 2020 22 evolution of the lac predecessors main article china myanmar border history 1956 claim line map 1 the 1956 and 1960 claim lines of china in the western sector map by the cia what is referred to as the 1956 claim line of china was in fact the border marked in the big map of the people s republic of china published in 1956 indian officials state that its alignment coincides with the 1947 republic of china map 23 in a letter of 17 december 1959 zhou enlai asserted that the 1957 map correctly shows the traditional boundary between the two countries in this sector 23 24 25 scholar leo rose also comments that the appears to have been issued after china decided to build a road through aksai chin 26 this alignment includes aksai chin proper in chinese territory and leaves the karakoram range along with most of its rivers that debouch into the indus river system these include the chip chap river burtsa nala jeong nala and galwan river chang chenmo is the only river that is disected near kongka la but includes within india its tributaries kugrang and changlung see map 1 the traditional border at lanak la was likely moved up to kongka la in order to prohibit indian patrol from reaching up to the former which was seen as being too close to the aksai chin road the failure of indian patrols to appreciate this chinese position led to the 1959 kongka la incident 27 1960 claim line this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information adding missing information or making an edit request september 2020 claimed lac of 7 november 1959 map 2 this indian map shows various lines including the red line representing india s view of the position in 1959 and the blue line representing the position prior to the 1962 war the date of 7 november 1959 on which the chinese premier zhou enlai alluded to the concept of line of actual control 6 achieved a certain sanctity in chinese nomenclature but there was no line defined in 1959 scholars state that chinese maps had shown a steadily advancing line in the western sector of the sino indian boundary each of which was identified as the line of actual control as of 7 november 1959 28 29 30 on 24 october 1962 after the initial thrust of the chinese forces in the sino indian war the chinese premier zhou enlai wrote to the heads of ten african and asian nations outlining his proposals for peace a fundamental tenet of which was that both sides should undertake not to cross the line of actual control 31 this letter was accompanied by certain maps which again identified the line of actual control as of 7 november 1959 margaret fisher calls it the line of actual control as of 7 november 1959 as published in november 1962 32 33 scholar stephen hoffmann states that the line represented not any position held by the chinese on 7 november 1959 but rather incorporated the gains made by the chinese army before and after the massive attack on 20 october 1962 in some cases it went beyond the territory the chinese army had reached 34 india s understanding of the 1959 line passed through haji langar shamal lungpa and kongka la the red line shown on map 2 35 even though the chinese claimed line was not acceptable to india as the depiction of an actual position 36 it was apparently acceptable as the line from which the chinese would undertake to withdraw 20 kilometres 32 despite the non acceptance by india of the chinese proposals the chinese did withdraw 20 kilometres from this line and henceforth continued to depict it as the line of actual control of 1959 37 38 in december 1962 representatives of six african and asian nations met in colombo to develop peace proposals for india and china their proposals formalised the chinese pledge of 20 kilometre withdrawal and the same line was used labelled as the line from which the chinese forces will withdraw 20 km 39 40 this line was essentially forgotten by both sides till 2013 when the chinese pla revived it during its depsang incursion as a new border claim 41 b line separating the forces before 8 september 1962 at the end of the 1962 war india demanded that the chinese withdraw to their positions on 8 september 1962 the blue line in map 2 36 1993 agreement main article border peace and tranquility agreement 1993 political relations following the 1962 war only saw signs of improvement towards the late 1970s and 1980s ties had remained strained until then also because of the chinese attraction to pakistan during india pakistan wars in 1965 and 1971 42 restored ambassadorial relations in 1976 a visit of the indian prime minister to china in 1988 a visit of the chinese premier to india in 1992 and then a visit of the indian president to china in 1992 preceded the 1993 agreement 43 before the 1993 agreement a trade agreement was signed in 1984 followed by a cultural cooperation agreement in 1988 43 44 the 1993 agreement signed on 7 september was the first bilateral agreement between china and india to contain the phrase line of actual control the agreement covered force level consultations as a way forward and the role of a joint working group the agreement made it clear that there was an ultimate solution to the boundary question between the two countries which remained pending it was also agreed that the two sides agree that references to the line of actual control in this agreement do not prejudice their respective positions on the boundary question 45 clarification of the lac 240km 149miles north samar lungpa kaurik tashigang barahoti east of point 6556 trig heights demchok chumar opposite dumchele east of mt sajum spanggur gap n s pangong tso north of kugrang river area of kongka la northern and middle sector red dots represent sensitive and disputed locations and locations of differing perceptions on the lac such as depsang area of kongka pass north of kugrang river north and south pangong tso spanggur gap opposite dumchele demchok sector kaurik tashigang barahoti 46 47 48 250km 155miles dibang lamang fish tail ii fish tail i dichu area sumdorong chu longju asaphila eastern sector sikkim not shown red dots represent sensitive and disputed locations and locations of differing perceptions on the lac and tri junction areas locations include asaphila doklam longju sumdorong chu dichu area doklam 46 47 48 in article 10 of the 1996 border agreement both sides agreed to the exchange of maps to help clarify the alignment of the lac 49 it was only in 2001 that the first in depth discussion took place about the central middle sectors 50 51 maps of sikkim were exchanged resulting in the memorandum on expanding border trade 51 52 however the process of exchange of maps soon collapsed in 2002 2003 when other sectors were brought up 53 54 shivshankar menon writes that a drawback of the process of exchanging maps as a starting point to clarify the lac was that it gave both sides an incentive to exaggerate their claims of where the lac lay 55 on 30 july 2020 the chinese ambassador to india sun weidong stated that china was not in favour of clarifying the lac anymore as it would create new disputes 56 similar viewpoints have been aired in india that china will keep the boundary dispute alive for as long as it can be used against india 57 on the other hand there have been voices which say that clarifying the lac would be beneficial for both countries 58 important points border outposts in 2025 india had 197 operational border out posts bop with china after adding 40 more bops in the aftermath of 2021 galwan clashes 59 60 56 existing posts were moved forward closer to the border and the monthly patrol frequency per bop was raised to more than the previous 10 patrols 61 62 these are managed by the 100 000 soldiers of the indo tibetan border police force itbp each bop with 200 soldiers each has several sub posts regular patrols are sent from bop to the patrol points and bro is building all weather paved motorable roads to all bops bops are grouped into the following three sectors note numbers are old numbers before the 2021 galwan clash 63 64 western sector ladakh 35 middle sector himachal pradesh and uttarakhand 71 eastern sector sikkim and arunachal pradesh 67 patrol points in the 1970s india s china study group identified patrol points that indian forces would patrol this was a better representation of how far india could patrol towards its perceived lac and delimited india s limits of actual control 65 66 these periodic patrols were performed by both sides and often crisscrossed 67 patrolling points were identified by india s china study group in the 1970s to optimise patrolling effectiveness and resource utilisation along the disputed and non demarcated china india border at a time when border infrastructure was weak instead of patrolling the entire border which was more than 3000 km long troops would just be required to patrol up to the patrolling points over time as infrastructure resources and troop capability improved and increased the patrolling points were revised the concept of patrol points came about well before india officially accepted the line of actual control lac patrolling points give a more realistic on the ground guide of india s limits of actual control 65 66 68 most patrolling points are close to the lac however in the depsang plains the patrolling points are said to remain well inside the lac despite having been revised a number of times former army officers have said that patrolling points provide a better on the ground picture of india s limits of control 65 based on location the periodicity of visiting patrolling points can vary greatly from a few weeks to a couple of months 68 in some cases the patrolling points are well known landmarks such as mountain peaks or passes in other cases the pattrolling points are numbered pp 1 pp 2 etc 66 over 65 patrolling points are stretching from the karakoram to chumar 69 the patrolling points within the lac and the patrol routes that join them are known as limits of patrolling some army officers call this the lac within the lac or the actual lac the various patrol routes to the limits of patrolling are called the lines of patrolling 65 during the 2020 china india skirmishes the patrolling points under dispute included pps 10 to 13 14 15 17 and 17a 66 on 18 september 2020 an article in the hindu wrote that since april indian troops have been denied access to pps numbered 9 10 11 12 12a 13 14 15 17 17a 69 list of numbered patrol points india has 65 patrolling points in eastern ladakh from karakoram pass to chumar patrolling points are not the limits of the indian claim because the indian claim extends beyond these patrolling points these patrolling points were set by india as the patrolling limits for the indian army to patrol and avoid confrontation with the pla to maintain peace on the lac with china which had proved to be a superior military power in the 1962 border war 70 according to a 2020 report by an indian police officer india lost access to 26 of 65 patrolling points pp 5 17 in depsang plains depsang bulge including samar lungpa galwan 24 32 in changchenmo basin 37 in skakjung pasture 51 and 52 in demchok and chardhing nala 62 in chumar in ladakh due to being restricted by china 71 india s opposition party congress claims that the narendra modi ruled government of india is covering up territorial setbacks in this area while the ruling government has denied the charges as politically motivated 72 listed by the mountain ranges karakoram range two important subranges in the disputed area are the changchenmo range and pangong range as below 73 changchenmo range a subrange of the karakoram range 73 pp1 to pp3 near the karakoram pass 74 pp4 to pp9 in depsang plains pp10 to pp13 including pp11a in the depsang bulge from y junction to raki nala pp10 y junction to jivan nala pp13 and in between these two 66 74 pp14 in galwan valley 66 a mutually agreed before zone has been created due to which india is unable to access this pp 75 pp15 on the watershed between kugrang and galwan basins called jianan pass by china 76 pp16 pp17 and pp17a kugrang river valley the last near gogra 77 pp18 to pp23 southeast of gogra from the silung barma chang chenmo river tributary towards pangong tso pangong range a sub range of the karakoram range 73 runs from chushul along the southern shore of pangong tso on the india china lac pp24 to pp kailash range pp35 to pp37 in skakjung pasture near china administered dumchele 72 there have been several incursions by china in this area due to the different perception of the border between india and china and continuing chinese incursions in chushul chumur dungti phobrang and demchok has adversely affected the life of local changpa nomadic herders 72 78 demchok sector demchok and chardhing nala pp 38 to chumar range pp61 in nilung nala pp62 to 65 in chumar sector 79 border personnel meeting points border personnel meeting point bpms are mutually agreed upon designated locations on the lac where the armies of both countries hold formal meetings to resolve border issues and improve relations 80 border trade points the mutually agreed officially designated border trade points btp with the year of designation are lipulekh pass 1991 in uttarakha...