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s are a group of biological macromolecules that have a multitude of functions in the body 1 2 3 clinical studies on lipid metabolism in the body have led to developments in therapeutic lipidology for disorders such as cardiovascular disease 4 history edit compared to other biomedical fields lipidology was long neglected as the handling of oils smears and greases was unappealing to scientists and lipid separation was difficult 5 it was not until 2002 that lipidomics the study of lipid networks and their interaction with other molecules appeared in the scientific literature 6 attention to the field was bolstered by the introduction of chromatography spectrometry and various forms of spectroscopy to the field allowing lipids to be isolated and analyzed 5 the field was further popularized following the cytologic application of the electron microscope which led scientists to find that many metabolic pathways take place within along and through the cell membrane the properties of which are strongly influenced by lipid composition 5 clinical lipidology edit the framingham heart study and other epidemiological studies have found a correlation between lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease cvd 7 lipoproteins are generally a major target of study in lipidology since lipids are transported throughout the body in the form of lipoproteins 2 a class of lipids known as phospholipids help make up what is known as lipoproteins and a type of lipoprotein is called high density lipoprotein hdl 8 a high concentration of high density lipoproteins cholesterols hdl c have what is known as a vasoprotective effect on the body a finding that correlates with an enhanced cardiovascular effect 9 there is also a correlation between those with diseases such as chronic kidney disease coronary artery disease or diabetes mellitus and the possibility of low vasoprotective effect from hdl 10 another factor of cvd that is often overlooked involves the concentrations of low density lipoproteins ldl and very low density lipoproteins vldl these are often seen at higher than expected and necessary levels in the body due to food uptake family history and a person s metabolic rate there is a correlation between these increased levels and stroke heart attack and mortality 11 lovastatin is used to treat cardiovascular disease therapeutic lipidology edit statins are a class of lipid lowering medications used in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease specifically those associated with ldl c 12 statins have been shown to reduce incident cardiovascular events by 30 40 when used as prescribed 13 however statins are associated with a range of adverse effects e g statin myopathies and myalgias sometimes severe enough warrant discontinuation and or substitution 14 15 for individuals completely intolerant to statins who nevertheless have an indication for lipid lowering therapy lipoprotein apheresis a non surgical method of removing lipoprotein particles from the bloodstream is an option pharmacologic inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 pcsk9 an enzyme crucial for maintaining lipoprotein homeostasis can be achieved through the use of monoclonal antibodies targeting pcsk9 such as evolocumab and alirocumab this approach offers a potential solution for individuals with statin intolerance and insufficient response to statins alone a common scenario among patients with familial hypercholesterolemia whereby significant reductions in circulating lipoproteins can be achieved 13 lipidomics edit lipidomics is the complete profile of all lipids in a biological system at a given time this is used to identify and quantify the lipids that can be detected since lipids have a variety of functions in the body being able to understand which specific types are present in the body and at what levels is crucial to understand the diseases that result due to lipids 16 methods of lipidomic analysis include mass spectrometry and chromatography 6 monitoring lipid concentration can reveal much about an organism s health see also edit dyslipidemia references edit feingold kenneth r 2000 feingold kenneth r anawalt bradley boyce alison chrousos george eds introduction to lipids and lipoproteins endotext south dartmouth ma mdtext com inc pmid 26247089 retrieved 2022 08 25 1 2 rusch j a hudson c l marais a d 2018 03 28 laboratory investigations in lipidology south african medical journal 108 4 266 doi 10 7196 samj 2017 v108i4 13233 inactive 12 july 2025 issn 2078 5135 cite journal cs1 maint doi inactive as of july 2025 link lim seon ah su wei chapman nicole m chi hongbo may 2022 lipid metabolism in t cell signaling and function nature chemical biology 18 5 470 481 doi 10 1038 s41589 022 01017 3 issn 1552 4469 pmc 11103273 pmid 35484263 s2cid 248423097 michos erin d mcevoy john w blumenthal roger s 2019 10 17 jarcho john a ed lipid management for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease new england journal of medicine 381 16 1557 1567 doi 10 1056 nejmra1806939 issn 0028 4793 pmid 31618541 s2cid 204756336 1 2 3 kates 1972 pp 275 276 1 2 holčapek michal july 2015 lipidomics analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 407 17 4971 4972 doi 10 1007 s00216 015 8740 0 issn 1618 2642 pmid 25963650 therapeutic lipidology p vii viii feingold kenneth r grunfeld carl 2000 de groot leslie j chrousos george dungan kathleen feingold kenneth r eds introduction to lipids and lipoproteins endotext mdtext com inc pmid 26247089 retrieved 2018 12 14 speer thimoteus meinitzer andreas märz winfried fliser danilo lüscher thomas f landmesser ulf von eckardstein arnold laufs ulrich böger rainer h 2017 05 21 symmetric dimethylarginine high density lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease european heart journal 38 20 1597 1607 doi 10 1093 eurheartj ehx118 issn 0195 668x pmid 28379378 bell david s h october 1996 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease coronary artery disease 7 10 715 722 doi 10 1097 00019501 199610000 00004 issn 0954 6928 pmid 8970762 brown william virgil 2018 07 12 clinical lipidology and the prevention of vascular disease time for personalized therapy clinical pharmacology therapeutics 104 2 269 281 doi 10 1002 cpt 1127 issn 0009 9236 pmid 29998536 s2cid 51621704 davidson michael h 2007 pharmacological therapy for cardiovascular disease in davidson michael h toth peter p maki kevin c gotto antonio m eds therapeutic lipidology totowa nj humana press pp 121 148 doi 10 1007 978 1 59745 533 6_7 isbn 978 1 59745 533 6 retrieved 2022 05 12 1 2 julius ulrich november 2017 history of lipidology and lipoprotein apheresis atherosclerosis supplements 30 1 8 doi 10 1016 j atherosclerosissup 2017 05 034 pmid 29096824 bytyçi ibadete penson peter e mikhailidis dimitri p wong nathan d hernandez adrian v sahebkar amirhossein thompson paul d mazidi mohsen rysz jacek pella daniel reiner željko toth peter p banach maciej 2022 09 07 prevalence of statin intolerance a meta analysis european heart journal 43 34 3213 3223 doi 10 1093 eurheartj ehac015 issn 1522 9645 pmc 9757867 pmid 35169843 newman connie b preiss david tobert jonathan a jacobson terry a page robert l goldstein larry b chin clifford tannock lisa r miller michael raghuveer geetha duell p barton brinton eliot a pollak amy braun lynne t welty francine k february 2019 statin safety and associated adverse events a scientific statement from the american heart association arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular biology 39 2 e38 e81 doi 10 1161 atv 0000000000000073 issn 1079 5642 pmid 30580575 postle anthony d 2012 lipidomics current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 15 2 127 133 doi 10 1097 mco 0b013e32834fb003 issn 1363 1950 pmid 22316558 s2cid 220586183 books kates morris 1972 techniques of lipidology isolation analysis and identification of lipids laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology vol 3 amsterdam new york north holland pub co american elsevier pp 269 610 doi 10 1016 s0075 7535 08 70544 8 isbn 978 0444103505 therapeutic lipidology totowa n j humana 2007 isbn 9781597455336 v t e biology introduction genetics evolution outline history timeline index overview science life properties adaptation energy processing growth order regulation reproduction self replication response to environment hierarchy of life atom molecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism population community ecosystem biosphere reductionist emergent property mechanist scientific method taxonomic rank theory law peer review biology journals common name chemical basis atoms amino acids carbohydrates chemical bond chemical element lipids matter quantum molecules monomer nucleic acids organic compounds ph polymer proteins water cells atp cell cycle cell theory cell signaling cellular respiration energy transformation enzyme eukaryote fermentation metabolism meiosis mitosis photosynthesis prokaryote genetics dna epigenetics evolutionary developmental biology gene expression gene regulation genomes mendelian inheritance post transcriptional modification evolution adaptation earliest known life forms function genetic drift gene flow history of life macroevolution microevolution mutation natural selection phylogenetics speciation taxonomy diversity archaea bacteria eukaryote alga animal fungus plant protist virus plant form function epidermis botany flower ground tissue leaf phloem plant stem root shoot vascular plant vascular tissue xylem animal form function breathing circulatory system endocrine system digestive system homeostasis immune system internal environment muscular system nervous system reproductive system respiratory system ecology biogeochemical cycle biological interaction biomass biomes biosphere climate climate change community conservation ecosystem habitat niche microbiome population dynamics resources biology portal commons wikiproject category v t e branches of biology abiogenesis aerobiology agronomy agrostology anatomy anthropogeny anthropology astrobiology bacteriology biochemistry biogeography biogeology bioinformatics biological engineering biomathematics biomechanics biophysics biosemiotics biostatistics biotechnology botany cell biology cellular microbiology chemical biology chronobiology cognitive biology comparative biology computational biology conservation biology cryobiology cytogenetics dendrology developmental biology ecological genetics ecology embryology epidemiology epigenetics evolutionary biology freshwater biology generative biology genetics genomics geobiology gerontology herpetology histology human biology ichthyology immunology lipidology mammalogy marine biology microbiology molecular biology mycology neontology neuroscience nutrition ornithology osteology paleontology parasitology pathology pharmacology photobiology phycology phylogenetics physiology pomology primatology proteomics protistology quantum biology relational biology reproductive biology sociobiology spatial biology structural biology synthetic biology systematics systems biology taxonomy teratology toxicology virology virophysics welfare biology xenobiology zoology see also history of biology nobel prize in physiology or medicine timeline of biology and organic chemistry v t e metabolism catabolism anabolism general metabolic pathway metabolic network primary nutritional groups energy metabolism aerobic respiration glycolysis pyruvate decarboxylation citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation electron transport chain atp synthase anaerobic respiration electron acceptors other than oxygen fermentation glycolysis substrate level phosphorylation abe ethanol lactic acid specific paths protein protein synthesis catabolism protein peptide amino acid amino acid amino acid synthesis amino acid degradation amino acid pyruvate acetyl coa or tca intermediate urea cycle nucleotide purine metabolism nucleotide salvage pyrimidine metabolism purine nucleotide cycle carbohydrate catabolism anabolism human glycolysis gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis glycogenesis pentose phosphate pathway fructolysis polyol pathway galactolysis leloir pathway glycosylation n linked o linked photosynthesis anoxygenic photosynthesis chemosynthesis carbon fixation deley doudoroff pathway entner doudoroff pathway radiosynthesis xylose metabolism lipid fatty acid fatty acid degradation beta oxidation fatty acid synthesis lipolysis lipogenesis steroid metabolism sphingolipid metabolism eicosanoid metabolism ketosis reverse cholesterol transport metal metabolism iron metabolism ethanol metabolism phospagen system atp pcr chlororespiration v t e food chemistry additives carbohydrates coloring enzymes essential fatty acids flavors fortification lipids minerals chemical elements proteins vitamins water v t e types of lipids general saturation saturated fat unsaturated fat monounsaturated fatty acid polyunsaturated fatty acid essential fatty acid other fat oil geometry trans fat omega 3 fatty acid omega 6 fatty acid omega 7 fatty acid omega 9 fatty acid eicosanoids arachidonic acid prostaglandins prostacyclin thromboxane leukotrienes fatty acids caprylic acid capric acid lauric acid myristic acid palmitic acid stearic acid arachidic acid behenic acid lignoceric acid glycerides monoglyceride diglyceride triglyceride triheptanoin trimyristin tripalmitin tristearin trilinolein triolein phospholipids phosphatidylserine phosphatidylinositol phosphatidyl ethanolamine cardiolipin dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine sphingolipids ceramide steroids cholesterol corticosteroids sex steroids secosteroids v t e lipids lipoprotein particle metabolism lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses delivery of tgs chylomicron vldl delivery of c and ce idl ldl lb ldl sd ldl lp a hdl remnant cholesterol apolipoproteins apoa 1 2 4 5 apob apoc 1 2 3 4 apod apoe apoh saa saa1 extracellular enzymes lcat lipc lpl lipid transfer proteins cetp mttp pltp cell surface receptors hdl scarb1 idl lrp lrp1 lrp1b lrp2 lrp3 lrp4 lrp5 lrp5l lrp6 lrp8 lrp10 lrp11 lrp12 ldl ldlr lrpap1 atp binding cassette transporter abca1 abcg5 abcg8 v t e lipids phospholipids glycerol backbone glycerophospholipids phosphoglycerides phosphatidyl ethanolamine cephalin pe choline lecithin pc serine ps glycerol pg inositol pi glyco gpi phosphoinositides pip pi 3 p pi 4 p pi 5 p pip 2 pi 3 4 p 2 pi 3 5 p 2 pi 4 5 p 2 pip 3 ether lipids plasmalogen platelet activating factor cardiolipin sphingosine backbone sphingomyelin metabolites inositol phosphate inositol lysophosphatidic acid choline phosphocholine citicoline v t e glycoconjugates lipids and glycolipids sphingolipids and glycosphingolipids and metabolic intermediates simple glycosphingolipids cerebroside galactocerebroside glucocerebroside sulfatide lactosylceramide globosides globotriaosylceramide stage specific embryonic antigen 3 globo h forssman antigen gangliosides gm1 gm2 gm3 gd2 other sphingomyelin sphingosine 1 phosphate retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title lipidology oldid 1360703103 categories lipids biochemistry branch...