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1946 when italy became a republic history edit after the deposition of the last western emperor in 476 odoacer was appointed dux italiae duke of italy by the reigning byzantine emperor zeno later the germanic foederati the scirians and the heruli as well as a large segment of the italic roman army proclaimed odoacer rex italiae king of italy 1 in 493 the ostrogothic king theoderic the great killed odoacer and set up a new dynasty of kings of italy ostrogothic rule ended when italy was reconquered by the byzantine empire in 552 in 568 the lombards entered the peninsula and ventured to recreate a barbarian kingdom in opposition to the empire establishing their authority over much of italy except the exarchate of ravenna and the duchies of rome venetia naples and the southernmost portions in the 8th century estrangement between the italians and the byzantines allowed the lombards to capture the remaining roman enclaves in northern italy however in 774 they were defeated by the franks under charlemagne who deposed their king and took up the title king of the lombards after the death of charles the fat in 887 italy fell into instability and a number of kings attempted to establish themselves as independent italian monarchs during this period known as the feudal anarchy 888 962 the title rex italicorum king of the italians or king of the italics was introduced after the breakup of the frankish empire otto i added italy to the holy roman empire and continued the use of the title rex italicorum the last to use this title was henry ii 1004 1024 subsequent emperors used the title king of italy until charles v they were crowned in pavia milan and bologna in 1805 napoleon was crowned with the iron crown of lombardy at the milan cathedral the next year holy roman emperor francis ii abdicated his imperial title from the deposition of napoleon 1814 until the unification of italy 1861 there was no italian monarch claiming the overarching title the risorgimento successfully established the house of savoy dynasty over the whole peninsula and uniting the kingdoms of sardinia and the two sicilies it formed the modern kingdom of italy the monarchy was superseded by the italian republic after a institutional referendum was held on 2 june 1946 after world war ii 2 the italian monarchy formally ended on 12 june of that year and umberto ii left the country kingdom of odoacer 476 493 edit initially named dux italiae duke of italy by zeno the roman emperor in constantinople he later was recognized as king of italy by the foederati in control of the italian peninsula he was deposed by the ostrogoths who established their own kingdom image name life coronation ceased to be king odoacer c 433 15 march 493 ad 4 september 476 15 march 493 ostrogothic kingdom 493 553 edit theodoric the great was invited by the emperor zeno to take italy from odoacer and rule it in zeno s name he defeated odoacer in 493 establishing a new kingdom in place of odoacer s officially the ostrogothic kings ruled the roman citizens in italy as a viceroy of the roman emperors and their own gothic people as their king though functionally they ran their kingdom entirely independently from the roman authority in constantinople their greatest extent was during theodoric s reign as roman emperors from the east began to exert more power and retake control of roman territory the last ostrogothic king fell to the emperor justinian in 553 image name life coronation ceased to be king theodoric the great 454 30 august 526 15 march 493 30 august 526 athalaric c 516 2 october 534 526 2 october 534 queen amalasuintha 495 30 april 535 2 october 534 30 april 535 theodahad c 480 december 536 535 december 536 vitiges 542 536 540 ildibad 541 540 541 eraric 541 541 541 totila 1 july 552 541 1 july 552 teia 552 553 552 552 553 interregnum 527 578 edit byzantine roman authority in italy was briefly re established under justinian though his gains were lost under his successor justin ii after a new germanic tribe the lombards invaded from the north and established their kingdom in 568 image name life coronation ceased to be king justinian i 482 14 november 565 1 april 527 14 november 565 justin ii 5 october 578 14 november 565 5 october 578 kingdom of the lombards 568 756 edit main article list of kings of the lombards the lombards under alboin established their kingdom in the extreme north of italy in 568 gradually pushing the byzantine romans back from the peninsula until only the exarchate of ravenna remained under roman control this finally fell in the 750s with the lombards gaining control of most of the peninsula the last lombard king of italy desiderius was deposed by his son in law charlemagne who folded it into the larger carolingian empire which evolved over time into the holy roman empire image name life coronation ceased to be king alboin 530s 28 june 572 568 572 cleph 574 572 574 rule of the dukes interregnum 574 584 574 584 authari c 550 5 september 590 584 september 590 agilulf c 555 april 616 591 616 adaloald 602 628 c 616 626 arioald 636 626 636 rothari 606 652 636 652 rodoald 630 653 652 653 aripert i 661 653 661 perctarit perctarit godepert 668 661 662 grimoald 610 671 662 671 garibald 655 671 671 671 perctarit restored 688 671 688 alahis 680 689 688 689 cunincpert 700 689 700 liutpert 702 700 701 raginpert 701 701 701 aripert ii 712 701 712 ansprand 657 712 712 712 liutprand 680 744 712 744 hildeprand 744 744 744 ratchis 749 744 749 aistulf 756 749 756 desiderius c 720 c 786 756 774 kingdom of italy 781 962 edit carolingian dynasty 774 887 edit charlemagne ruled over northern italy as king of the lombards in 781 he named his son pepin as king of italy though he still maintained suzerainty over the land charlemagne was crowned roman emperor in 800 while the kingdom of italy became one of the constituent kingdoms of the empire beginning with louis the pious in 818 the kingdom was ruled directly by the carolingian emperor himself image name life coronation ceased to be king charles i charlemagne 2 april 748 28 january 814 june 774 28 january 814 pepin 777 8 july 810 781 8 july 810 bernard 797 17 april 818 c july 810 late 817 lothair i 795 29 september 855 17 april 818 29 september 855 louis ii 825 12 august 875 15 june 844 12 august 875 charles ii 13 june 823 6 october 877 25 december 875 6 october 877 carloman 830 22 march 880 877 879 charles iii the fat 839 13 january 888 12 april 880 november 887 after 887 italy fell into instability with many rulers claiming the kingship simultaneously unruochings 887 896 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king berengar i c 845 7 april 924 c 888 c 896 first reign berengar was deposed by the king of east francia arnulf of carinthia in the mid 890s widonids claimants 887 898 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king guy c 845 12 december 894 february 889 12 december 894 lambert c 880 15 october 898 30 april 892 896 first reign carolingian dynasty restored 894 896 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king arnulf 3 c 850 8 december 899 894 as claimant 896 ratold fl 896 c 896 896 in 896 arnulf and ratold lost control of italy which was divided between lambert of italy and berengar i of italy widonids restored 896 898 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king lambert c 880 15 october 898 30 april 892 15 october 898 first reign after lambert s death berengar i took his territory and reunified italy unruochings restored 896 924 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king berengar i c 845 7 april 924 c 888 7 april 924 second reign bivinids carolingian by adoption 901 905 edit in 900 louis iii a grandson of louis ii of italy was invited into italy as their king by nobles in opposition to berengar i image name life coronation ceased to be king louis iii c 880 5 june 928 february 901 before 21 april 905 elder house of welf 922 926 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king rudolph c 885 13 july 937 922 926 bosonids 926 950 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king hugh c 880 10 april 948 926 947 lothair ii c 927 22 november 950 947 22 november 950 anscarids 950 961 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king berengar ii c 900 4 august 966 november 950 c 25 december 961 adalbert c 934 c 973 november 950 c 25 december 961 in 951 otto i invaded italy and was crowned with the iron crown of lombardy in 952 berengar and adalbert became his vassals but remained kings until being deposed by otto holy roman empire 962 1556 edit further information holy roman emperors king of the romans and list of monarchs of germany holy roman empire 962 1806 otto is considered to be the founding emperor of the holy roman empire and the kingdom of italy was considered one of the constituent realms of the empire beginning in the 12th century states such as the republic of venice and the papal states captured more and more territory from the kingdom of italy and the empire s territory on the peninsula shrunk over time after charles v the emperors stopped being crowned with the iron crown of lombardy and the italian title fell into disuse imperial control in italy receded to trent and south tyrol until the dissolution of the empire in 1806 southern italy had never been part of the holy roman empire it remained initially under the control of various byzantine fiefs until the norman kingdom of sicily later the kingdom of naples took control of the area in the 11th century central italy along the rome ravenna axis was part of the papal states under the direct personal rule of the pope the duke of savoy was de jure a vassal of the holy roman emperor with the duke being prince and perpetual vicar of the holy roman empire ottonian dynasty 962 1024 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king otto i 23 november 912 7 may 973 962 4 7 may 973 otto ii 955 7 december 983 c october 980 a 7 december 983 otto iii 980 23 january 1002 c february 996 b 23 january 1002 arduin 955 1015 1002 4 1014 henry ii c 6 may 973 13 july 1024 1004 4 13 july 1024 salian dynasty 1027 1125 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king conrad i d 990 4 june 1039 1026 4 4 june 1039 henry iii 29 october 1017 5 october 1056 1039 4 5 october 1056 henry iv 11 november 1050 7 august 1106 1056 4 december 1105 conrad ii of italy 1074 1101 1093 4 1101 henry v 5 8 november 1086 23 may 1125 1106 4 23 may 1125 süpplingenburg dynasty 1125 1137 edit image name life coronation ceased to be king lothair iii 9 june 1075 4 december 1137 1125 4 4 december 1137 house of hohenstaufen 1128 1197 edit image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king conrad iii 1093 15 february 1152 1138 4 also crowned in 1128 in opposition to lothair 6 1152 frederick i 1122 10 june 1190 1154 1186 henry vi november 1165 28 september 1197 1186 4 28 september 1197 house of welf 1208 1212 edit image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king otto iv 1175 or 1176 19 may 1218 1209 4 1212 house of hohenstaufen 1212 1254 edit image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king frederick ii friedrich ii 26 december 1194 13 december 1250 5 december 1212 13 december 1250 henry heinrich vii 1211 12 february 1242 23 april 1220 12 february 1242 conrad iv konrad iv 25 april 1228 21 may 1254 may 1237 21 may 1254 house of luxembourg 1311 1313 edit image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king henry vii 1275 7 24 august 1313 6 january 1311 8 24 august 1313 house of wittelsbach 1327 1347 edit image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king louis iv 1 april 1282 11 october 1347 1327 11 october 1347 house of luxembourg 1355 1437 edit image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king charles iv 14 may 1316 29 november 1378 1355 4 29 november 1378 sigismund 14 february 1368 9 december 1437 1431 4 9 december 1437 house of habsburg 1437 1801 edit image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king frederick iii 21 september 1415 19 august 1493 16 march 1452 19 august 1493 charles v 24 february 1500 21 september 1558 24 february 1530 9 16 january 1556 charles v was the last emperor to be crowned king of italy 4 the habsburg emperors claimed the italian crown until 1801 the empire continued to include italian territories until its dissolution in 1806 between 1815 and 1866 the house of habsburg lorraine used the title king of lombardy venetia kingdom of italy as a client state of france house of bonaparte 1805 1814 edit in 1805 napoleon established a client state in northern italy named the kingdom of italy he established himself as king of italy in personal union with his role as emperor of the french this client state did not survive the end of the napoleonic era in its place the congress of vienna established a number of independent duchies and kingdoms in the region image coat of arms name life coronation ceased to be king napoleon i 15 august 1769 5 may 1821 17 march 1805 11 april 1814 full title edit this title is present in italian laws proclaimed by napoleon i name by the grace of god and the constitutions emperor of the french and king of italy citation needed kingdom of italy house of savoy 1861 1946 edit during and after the revolutions of 1848 sentiment on the peninsula grew for the establishment of a unified italian kingdom southern italy had not been united with northern italy since the early medieval period being mostly under the rule of the kingdom of naples and the kingdom of the two sicilies northern italy in the early 19th century came under the domination of the kingdom of sardinia which besides its namesake island also ruled the expansive piedmont and savoy regions along the french italian borderlands the formerly republican leader in southern italy giuseppe garibaldi made common cause with the house of savoy to overthrow the kingdom of the two sicilies and the people voted in a plebiscite to join sardinia to form the kingdom of italy in 1861 the papal states and the city of rome were annexed to the kingdom in 1870 completing the unification of italy this kingdom lasted until the aftermath of world war ii when the 1946 italian institutional referendum ended the monarchy image coat of arms name life became king ceased to be king victor emmanuel ii 14 march 1820 9 january 1878 17 march 1861 9 january 1878 umberto i 14 march 1844 29 july 1900 9 january 1878 29 july 1900 victor emmanuel iii 11 november 1869 28 december 1947 29 july 1900 9 may 1946 umberto ii 15 september 1904 18 march 1983 9 may 1946 12 june 1946 full title edit up until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1946 the full titles of the kings of the kingdom of italy 1861 1946 were name by the grace of god and the will of the nation king of italy emperor of ethiopia king of sardinia cyprus jerusalem armenia albania duke of savoy count of maurienne marquis of the holy roman empire in italy prince of piedmont carignano oneglia poirino trino prince and perpetual vicar of the holy roman empire prince of carmagnola montmélian with arbin and francin prince bailiff of the duchy of...