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list of fields of application of statistics wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 see also toggle the table of contents list of fields of application of statistics 4 languages العربية فارسی українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia statistics outline statisticians glossary notation journals lists of topics list of articles category mathematics portal v t e statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection analysis and interpretation of data a number of specialties have evolved to apply statistical and methods to various disciplines certain topics have statistical in their name but relate to manipulations of probability distributions rather than to statistical analysis actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in the insurance and finance industries astrostatistics is the discipline that applies statistical analysis to the understanding of astronomical data biostatistics is a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis and includes medical statistics business analytics is a rapidly developing business process that applies statistical methods to data sets often very large to develop new insights and understanding of business performance opportunities chemometrics is the science of relating measurements made on a chemical system or process to the state of the system via application of mathematical or statistical methods demography is the statistical study of all populations it can be a very general science that can be applied to any kind of dynamic population that is one that changes over time or space econometrics is a branch of economics that applies statistical methods to the empirical study of economic theories and relationships environmental statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science weather climate air and water quality are included as are studies of plant and animal populations epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the health and illness of populations and serves as the foundation and logic of interventions made in the interest of public health and preventive medicine forensic statistics is the application of probability models and statistical techniques to scientific evidence such as dna evidence and the law in contrast to everyday statistics to not engender bias or unduly draw conclusions forensic statisticians report likelihoods as likelihood ratios lr spatial statistics is a branch of applied statistics that deals with the analysis of spatial data geostatistics is a branch of geography that deals with the analysis of data from disciplines such as petroleum geology hydrogeology hydrology meteorology oceanography geochemistry geography jurimetrics is the application of probability and statistics to law machine learning is the subfield of computer science that formulates algorithms in order to make predictions from data operations research or operational research is an interdisciplinary branch of applied mathematics and formal science that uses methods such as mathematical modeling statistics and algorithms to arrive at optimal or near optimal solutions to complex problems management science focuses on problems in the business world population ecology is a sub field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment psychometrics is the theory and technique of educational and psychological measurement of knowledge abilities attitudes and personality traits quality control reviews the factors involved in manufacturing and production it can make use of statistical sampling of product items to aid decisions in process control or in accepting deliveries quantitative psychology is the science of statistically explaining and changing mental processes and behaviors in humans reliability engineering is the study of the ability of a system or component to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time social statistics is the use of statistical measurement systems to study human behavior in a social environment statistical finance an area of econophysics is an empirical attempt to shift finance from its normative roots to a positivist framework using exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations to the field of mechanics which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force statistical physics is one of the fundamental theories of physics and uses methods of probability theory in solving physical problems statistical signal processing utilizes the statistical properties of signals to perform signal processing tasks statistical thermodynamics is the study of the microscopic behaviors of thermodynamic systems using probability theory and provides a molecular level interpretation of thermodynamic quantities such as work heat free energy and entropy see also edit list of statistics topics v t e statistics outline index descriptive statistics continuous data center mean arithmetic arithmetic geometric contraharmonic cubic generalized power geometric harmonic heronian heinz lehmer median mode dispersion average absolute deviation coefficient of variation interquartile range percentile range standard deviation variance shape central limit theorem moments kurtosis l moments skewness count data index of dispersion summary tables contingency table frequency distribution grouped data dependence partial correlation pearson product moment correlation rank correlation kendall s τ spearman s ρ scatter plot graphics bar chart biplot box plot control chart correlogram fan chart forest plot histogram pie chart q q plot radar chart run chart scatter plot stem and leaf display violin plot heatmap scatter plot matrix ecdf plot line chart statistical data processing transformations data transformation log transformation power transform box cox transformation yeo johnson transformation variance stabilizing transformation anscombe transform fisher transformation scaling and normalization feature scaling normalization standardization z score min max normalization unit vector normalization data cleaning data cleaning outlier winsorizing truncation missing data data reduction dimensionality reduction principal component analysis factor analysis time series preprocessing differencing detrending seasonal adjustment stationarity transformation data collection study design effect size missing data optimal design population replication sample size determination statistic statistical power survey methodology sampling cluster stratified opinion poll questionnaire standard error controlled experiments blocking factorial experiment interaction random assignment randomized controlled trial randomized experiment scientific control adaptive designs adaptive clinical trial stochastic approximation up and down designs observational studies cohort study cross sectional study natural experiment quasi experiment statistical inference statistical theory population statistic probability distribution sampling distribution order statistic empirical distribution density estimation statistical model model specification l p space parameter location scale shape parametric family likelihood monotone location scale family exponential family completeness sufficiency statistical functional bootstrap u v optimal decision loss function efficiency statistical distance divergence asymptotics robustness sensitivity analysis frequentist inference point estimation estimating equations maximum likelihood method of moments m estimator minimum distance unbiased estimators mean unbiased minimum variance rao blackwellization lehmann scheffé theorem median unbiased plug in interval estimation confidence interval pivot likelihood interval prediction interval tolerance interval resampling bootstrap jackknife testing hypotheses 1 2 tails power uniformly most powerful test permutation test randomization test multiple comparisons parametric tests likelihood ratio g test score lagrange multiplier wald z test normal specific tests parametric student s t test f test goodness of fit chi squared kolmogorov smirnov anderson darling lilliefors jarque bera normality shapiro wilk model selection cross validation aic bic rank statistics sign sample median signed rank wilcoxon hodges lehmann estimator rank sum mann whitney nonparametric anova 1 way kruskal wallis 2 way friedman ordered alternative jonckheere terpstra van der waerden test bayesian inference bayesian probability prior posterior credible interval bayes factor bayesian estimator maximum posterior estimator correlation regression analysis correlation pearson product moment partial correlation confounding variable coefficient of determination regression analysis errors and residuals regression validation mixed effects models simultaneous equations models multivariate adaptive regression splines mars template least squares and regression analysis linear regression simple linear regression ordinary least squares general linear model bayesian regression non standard predictors nonlinear regression nonparametric semiparametric isotonic robust homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity generalized linear model exponential families logistic bernoulli binomial poisson regressions partition of variance analysis of variance anova anova analysis of covariance multivariate anova degrees of freedom categorical multivariate time series survival analysis categorical cohen s kappa contingency table graphical model log linear model mcnemar s test cochran mantel haenszel statistics multivariate regression manova principal components canonical correlation discriminant analysis cluster analysis classification structural equation model factor analysis multivariate distributions elliptical distributions normal time series general decomposition trend stationarity seasonal adjustment exponential smoothing cointegration structural break granger causality specific tests dickey fuller johansen q statistic ljung box durbin watson breusch godfrey time domain autocorrelation acf partial pacf cross correlation xcf arma model arima model box jenkins autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity arch vector autoregression var autoregressive model ar frequency domain spectral density estimation fourier analysis least squares spectral analysis wavelet whittle likelihood survival survival function kaplan meier estimator product limit proportional hazards models accelerated failure time aft model first hitting time hazard function nelson aalen estimator test log rank test applications biostatistics bioinformatics clinical trials studies epidemiology medical statistics engineering statistics chemometrics methods engineering probabilistic design process quality control reliability system identification social statistics actuarial science census crime statistics demography econometrics jurimetrics national accounts official statistics population statistics psychometrics spatial statistics cartography environmental statistics geographic information system geostatistics kriging category mathematics portal commons wikiproject portal mathematics retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title list_of_fields_of_application_of_statistics oldid 1350625634 categories applied statistics statistics related lists hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata this page was last edited on 23 april 2026 at 01 14 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents list of fields of 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