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f physical properties of biomolecules at the molecular level quantum biology application of quantum mechanics and theoretical chemistry to biological objects and problems virophysics study of mechanics and dynamics driving the interactions between virus and cells biotechnology new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation of living matter including genetic modification and synthetic biology bioinformatics use of information technology for the study collection and storage of genomic and other biological data bioengineering study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology synthetic biology research integrating biology and engineering construction of biological functions not found in nature botany study of plants economic botany study of relationship between people and plants including the practical uses of plants ethnobotany study of a region s plants and their usage by people photobiology scientific study of the interactions of light technically non ionizing radiation and living organisms the field includes the study of photosynthesis photomorphogenesis visual processing circadian rhythms bioluminescence and ultraviolet radiation effects phycology scientific study of algae plant anatomy study of internal structure of plants plant ecology study of how plants interact with each other and their environment plant genetics study of heredity and variation in plants plant pathology study of plant diseases plant physiology subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning or physiology of plants 2 cell biology study of the cell as a complete unit and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell histology study of the anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals using microscopy chronobiology field of biology that examines periodic cyclic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar and lunar related rhythms dendrochronology study of tree rings using them to date the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in natural history developmental biology study of the processes through which an organism forms from zygote to full structure embryology study of the development of embryo from fecundation to birth gerontology study of aging processes ecology study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non living elements of their environment behavioral ecology the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressure ecosystem ecology study of biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem landscape ecology study of relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems microbial ecology study of the relationships between microorganisms and their environments population ecology study of dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment urban ecology study of the relationships between living organisms with each other and their urban environment biogeography study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally evolutionary biology study of the origin and descent of species over time evolutionary developmental biology field of biology that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to determine the ancestral relationship between them and to discover how developmental processes evolved paleobiology discipline which combines the methods and findings of the life sciences with the methods and findings of the earth science paleontology paleoanthropology the study of fossil evidence for human evolution mainly using remains from extinct hominin and other primate species to determine the morphological and behavioral changes in the human lineage as well as the environment in which human evolution occurred paleobotany study of fossil plants paleontology study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life paleopathology the study of pathogenic conditions observable in bones or mummified soft tissue and on nutritional disorders variation in stature or morphology of bones over time evidence of physical trauma or evidence of occupationally derived biomechanic stress genetics study of genes and heredity molecular genetics study of the bimolecular mechanisms behind the structure and function of dna quantitative genetics study of phenotypes that vary continuously in characters such as height or mass as opposed to discretely identifiable phenotypes and gene products such as eye colour or the presence of a particular biochemical marine biology study of ocean ecosystems plants animals and other living beings microbiology study of microscopic organisms microorganisms and their interactions with other living things bacteriology study of bacteria immunology study of immune systems in all organisms mycology study of fungi parasitology study of parasites and parasitism virology study of viruses biochemistry molecular biology study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level with some cross over from biochemistry structural biology a branch of molecular biology biochemistry and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules health sciences and human biology biology of humans medicine diagnosis treatment and prevention of illness endocrinology study of the endocrine system oncology study of cancer processes including virus or mutation oncogenesis angiogenesis and tissues remoldings pharmacology study of medication and drugs epidemiology major component of public health research studying factors affecting the health of populations neuroscience study of the nervous system including anatomy physiology and emergent proprieties behavioral neuroscience study of physiological genetic and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals cellular neuroscience study of neurons at a cellular level cognitive neuroscience study of biological substrates underlying cognition with a focus on the neural substrates of mental processes computational neuroscience study of the information processing functions of the nervous system and the use of digital computers to study the nervous system developmental neuroscience study of the cellular basis of brain development and addresses the underlying mechanisms molecular neuroscience studies the biology of the nervous system with molecular biology molecular genetics protein chemistry and related methodologies neuroanatomy study of the anatomy of nervous tissue and neural structures of the nervous system neuroendocrinology studies the interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system that is how the brain regulates the hormonal activity in the body neuroethology study of animal behavior and its underlying mechanistic control by the nervous system neuroimmunology study of the nervous system and immunology the study of the immune system neuropharmacology study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system neurophysiology study of the function as opposed to structure of the nervous system systems neuroscience studies the function of neural circuits and systems theoretical biology the mathematical modeling of biological phenomena systems biology computational modeling of biological systems zoology study of animals including classification physiology development and behavior subbranches include arthropodology biological discipline concerned with the study of arthropods a phylum of animals that include the insects arachnids crustaceans and others that are characterized by the possession of jointed limbs acarology study of the taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks arachnology scientific study of spiders and related animals such as scorpions pseudoscorpions harvestmen collectively called arachnids entomology study of insects coleopterology study of beetles lepidopterology study of a large order of insects that includes moths and butterflies called lepidopterans myrmecology scientific study of ants carcinology study of crustaceans myriapodology study of centipedes millipedes and other myriapods ethology scientific study of animal behavior usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions helminthology study of worms especially parasitic worms herpetology study of amphibians including frogs toads salamanders newts and gymnophiona and reptiles including snakes lizards amphisbaenids turtles terrapins tortoises crocodilians and the tuataras batrachology subdiscipline of herpetology concerned with the study of amphibians alone ichthyology study of fishes this includes bony fishes osteichthyes cartilaginous fishes chondrichthyes and jawless fishes agnatha malacology branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the mollusca mollusks or molluscs the second largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods teuthology branch of malacology which deals with the study of cephalopods mammalogy study of mammals a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism fur four chambered hearts and complex nervous systems mammalogy has also been known as mastology theriology and therology there are about 4 200 different species of animals which are considered mammals cetology branch of marine mammal science that studies the approximately eighty species of whales dolphins and porpoise in the scientific order cetacea primatology scientific study of primates human biology interdisciplinary field studying the range of humans and human populations via biology life sciences anthropology social sciences applied medical sciences biological anthropology subfield of anthropology that studies the physical morphology genetics and behavior of the human genus other hominins and hominids across their evolutionary development human behavioral ecology the study of behavioral adaptations foraging reproduction ontogeny from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives see behavioral ecology it focuses on human adaptive responses physiological developmental genetic to environmental stresses nematology scientific discipline concerned with the study of nematodes or roundworms ornithology scientific study of birds applied life science branches and derived concepts edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed may 2020 learn how and when to remove this message agriculture science and practice of cultivating plants and livestock agronomy science of cultivating plants for resources biocomputers systems of biologically derived molecules such as dna and proteins are used to perform computational calculations involving storing retrieving and processing data the development of biological computing has been made possible by the expanding new science of nanobiotechnology 3 biocontrol bioeffector method of controlling pests including insects mites weeds and plant diseases using other living organisms 4 bioengineering study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology bioelectronics field at the convergence of electronics and biological sciences the electrical state of biological matter significantly affects its structure and function compare for instance the membrane potential the signal transduction by neurons the isoelectric point iep and so on micro and nano electronic components and devices have increasingly been combined with biological systems like medical implants biosensors lab on a chip devices etc causing the emergence of this new scientific field 5 biomaterials any matter surface or construct that interacts with biological systems as a science biomaterials is about fifty years old the study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science it has experienced steady and strong growth over its history with many companies investing large amounts of money into the development of new products biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine biology chemistry tissue engineering and materials science biomedical science healthcare science also known as biomedical science is a set of applied sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science or both to develop knowledge interventions or technology of use in healthcare or public health such disciplines as medical microbiology clinical virology clinical epidemiology genetic epidemiology and pathophysiology are medical sciences biomonitoring measurement of the body burden of toxic chemical compounds elements or their metabolites in biological substances 6 7 often these measurements are done in blood and urine 8 biopolymer polymers produced by living organisms in other words they are polymeric biomolecules since they are polymers biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures there are three main classes of biopolymers classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed polynucleotides rna and dna which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers polypeptides which are short polymers of amino acids and polysaccharides which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures 9 10 11 biotechnology manipulation of living matter including genetic modification and synthetic biology 12 conservation biology the management of nature and of earth s biodiversity with the aim of protecting species their habitats and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions it is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences and the practice of natural resource management 13 environmental health multidisciplinary field concerned with environmental epidemiology toxicology and exposure science fermentation technology study of use of microorganisms for industrial manufacturing of various products like vitamins amino acids antibiotics beer wine etc 14 food science applied science devoted to the study of food activities of food scientists include the development of new food products design of processes to produce and conserve these foods choice of packaging materials shelf life studies study of the effects of food on the human body sensory evaluation of products using panels or potential consumers as well as microbiological physical texture and rheology and chemical testing 15 16 17 genomics application of recombinant dna dna sequencing methods and bioinformatics to sequence assemble and analyze the function and structure of genomes the complete set of dna within a single cell of an organism 18 19 the field includes efforts to determine the entire dna sequence of organisms and fine scale genetic mapping the field also includes studies of intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis epistasis pleiotropy and other interactions...