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nal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 criticism and theory 2 literary fragments of larger works toggle literary fragments of larger works subsection 2 1 notable examples 2 2 further reading 3 literary fragments as a form toggle literary fragments as a form subsection 3 1 romantic period 3 1 1 notable examples 3 2 modernist period 3 2 1 notable examples 3 3 postmodern period 3 3 1 notable examples 3 4 contemporary period 3 4 1 notable examples 4 further reading 5 references toggle the table of contents literary fragment 12 languages azərbaycanca deutsch français עברית bahasa indonesia italiano qaraqalpaqsha кыргызча bahasa melayu русский тоҷикӣ українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia genre or piece of a larger work byzantine egyptian papyrus fragment a literary fragment is a piece of text that may be part of a larger work or that employs a fragmentary form characterised by physical features such as short paragraphs or sentences separated by white space and thematic features such as discontinuity ambivalence ambiguity or lack of a traditional narrative structure 1 2 while it is difficult to classify literary fragments a number of critics agree on a basic taxonomy of two types of fragment those who intentionally use fragmentation as a form in their writing and those that are fragmented because they are incomplete or because parts have been lost over time 1 as a form the literary fragment has been employed during the romantic modernist postmodern and contemporary literary periods as a way to reckon with the challenges of modernity 1 criticism and theory edit the literary fragment and the concept of fragmentariness presents several challenges to literary criticism in part because of the difficulty in determining what constitutes a fragment 3 guignery and drag write that the task of defining the literary fragment is near impossible 4 sophie thomas writes that literary fragments disturb characterization as they exist somewhere between a part and a whole but do not belong to either 5 others such as hans jost frey suggest that the fragment may be entirely incompatible with literary theory because it is by nature hostile to meaning and defies the boundaries and borders upon which theory depends 6 the difficulty in defining the literary fragment is also due to the connotations of the word fragment and its relationship to archaeology while a fragment of pottery can suggest the part that was lost due to the nature of patterning the literary fragment cannot represent its whole in the same way which complicates the relationship between the literary fragment and its suggested whole 7 literary fragments of larger works edit the discovery of fragments of larger works has been of interest to scholars in many fields since at least the sixteenth century and has formed the research basis of many fields since the establishment of academic disciplines in the nineteenth century 8 historical literary fragments are studied closely in the fields of papyrology which involves the study of papyrus texts almost all preserved in fragments and the more recently established field of fragmentology which involves the study of surviving fragments of mostly medieval european manuscripts 8 historical literary fragments include the remains of works otherwise lost over time such as in the case of the poetry of sappho as well as quotations in secondary texts from works that have never been discovered such as in the work of heraclitus 3 fragment of the tithonus poem by greek poet sappho third century bce notable examples edit notable examples of writers of extant fragments of longer works include sappho heraclitus sophocles xenophon antisthenes abydenus berossus sanchoniatho and megasthenes 3 9 10 further reading edit fragmente der griechischen historiker the fragmentarium digital fragmenta historicum graecorum literary fragments as a form edit romantic period edit the fragment as both theme and form is strongly associated with european romanticism 11 while the romantic fragment evolved out of the much earlier writings of montaigne pascal and the english and french moralist tradition 12 scholars note that the fragmentary form was established by a group of german writers associated with the jena school including friedrich schlegel and novalis 3 the jena romantics as well as goethe nietzsche schiller and walter benjamin saw the fragment as a literary form that offered freedom from the limitations imposed by traditional genres had the potential to reject enlightenment ways of thinking and could reflect the fragmentary nature of existence while gesturing towards the future 13 according to jean luc nancy and philippe lacoue lebarthe the romantic aims at fragmentation for its own sake 14 this idea is also reflected in the work of the english late romantic poets who saw the potential of the fragmented form to express insights that went beyond established forms and genres 15 the historical fragment and the motif of the historical ruin also gained popularity during this period with many writers taking inspiration from recently discovered relics of the past this interest in historical fragments saw several literary hoaxes in which romantic writers including thomas chatterton and james macpherson claimed to have translated or discovered historical fragments that were later shown to be their own modern creation 13 samuel taylor coleridge kubla khan or a vision in a dream notable examples edit notable examples of authors that produced fragmentary work in the romantic period include samuel taylor coleridge john keats lord byron and percy bysshe shelley 15 13 modernist period edit the use of the fragment as a form is closely linked to the modernist literary tradition 16 as nora golschmidt explains the fragment is so integral to the literary and visual cultures of modernism that it borders on cliche 17 the modernist literary movement is often described as being a repudiation of earlier ideas but many note that modernist fragmentary writing was a clear response to the romantic fragment poem 18 while the romantics saw the fragment as a way to reckon with ideas of possibility and limitlessness the fragment that appeared during this period in the first half of the twentieth century was a response to the challenges of modernity 17 as john tytell explains the fragment became synonymous with literary modernism because it represented a new sense of the universe that began to emerge as the nineteenth century ended 19 industrialisation technological advancement and developments in science all lead to significant societal changes and the first world war seemed to sever any reliable continuities with the values of the past leading to a fragmented experience of modernity 17 these changes prompted writers to seek a new mode of representation that could represent the complexity of the modern world according to gasiorek the modernist period saw the literary fragment become part of the novel the genre previously considered the least consistent with fragmentation he explains that the modernists adopted the fragment as a rejection of realism that was seen as an unwarrantedly stable and epistemologically confident narrative mode and instead developed novelistic forms that were fragmented deployed multiple viewpoints emphasised the subjective nature of experience disrupted narrative chronology drew attention to the fictive nature of their narrative procedures experimented with language and by refusing the comforts of closure remained steadfastly open ended 16 notable examples edit notable examples of authors that produced fragmentary work in the modernist period include t s eliot gertrude stein virginia woolf james joyce and ezra pound 20 21 postmodern period edit the postmodern period saw a renewed focus on the literary fragment as a rejection of traditional narrative modes leading paul virilio to label the period as the age of micro narrative the art of the fragment 22 while the modernists saw the fragment as a way of making sense of the chaos of the modernising world and searching for unity in a disjointed world the postmodern period saw writers give up modernist attempts to restore wholeness to a fragmented world 23 dispensing with the notion of over arching meaning instead representing the world as fundamentally fractured and disordered 22 the postmodern literary fragment is characterised by mosaic montage collage polyphonic narrative and voices multiple perspectives pastiche duplication mirroring and incompletion 24 douwe fokkema writes that the postmodern fragment emphasises discontinuity and destroys connectivity explaining that many postmodernist texts are a collection of relatively unconnected fragments which challenge the literary code that predisposes the reader to look for coherence 25 notable examples edit notable examples of authors that produced fragmentary work in the postmodern period include william s burroughs kathy acker donald barthelme john barth b s johnson and robert coover 20 26 contemporary period edit eula biss 2019 the contemporary period has seen an increase in the prevalence of fragmentation in works of literature 20 wojciech drąg notes that this period has seen a revival of fragmentary writing that poses a new kind of challenge for the reader as it rejects narrative conventions and conventional novelistic structures favours non linearity experimentation with chronology metatextuality repetition listing and the use of citations in creative works 20 critics such as shannon callaghan note that the contemporary fragment offers a new way of representing marginalised identities and traumatic experiences outside of traditional narrative structures 27 guignery and drag note that the contemporary fragment might also be a response to the accelerated culture of social media and overcommunication within which long form fiction seems increasingly anachronistic 1 notable examples edit notable examples of authors producing fragmented work in the contemporary period include mark z danielewski maggie nelson david shields jenny offill jenny boully anne carson jonathan safran foer eula biss kate zambreno ali smith j m coetzee and david mitchell 20 28 further reading edit https gulfcoastmag org journal 25 1 the f word https lithub com break everything and begin again on fragmentation as a form https thenewinquiry com narrative of fragments https lithub com fragmented narratives are broken independent and honest references edit 1 2 3 4 guignery vanessa drag wojciech drag 2019 the poetics of fragmentation in contemporary british and american fiction delaware vernon press pp xvii jovanovic evelina saponjic 2019 12 22 fragment as a storytelling device journal of comparative literature and aesthetics 42 3 125 140 1 2 3 4 elias camelia 2004 the fragment towards a history and poetics of a performative genre harvard peter lang p 3 guignery vanessa 2019 the poetics of fragmentation in contemporary british and american fiction delaware vernon press pp xviii thomas sophie 2005 the fragment in roe nicholas ed romanticism oxford academic pp 511 512 frey hans jost 1996 interruptions state university of new york press p 25 baltussen han olson s douglas 2017 epilogue a conversation on fragments journal of juristic papyrology 30 393 406 1 2 duba william flüeler christoph 2018 fragments and fragmentology fragmentology 1 1 5 prince susan h antisthenes 2015 antisthenes of athens texts translations and commentary ann arbor university of michigan press isbn 978 0 472 11934 9 cory isaac preston 1828 the ancient fragments containing what remains of the writings of sanchoniatho berossus abydenus megasthenes and manetho also the hermetic creed the old chronicle the laterculus of eratosthenes the tyrian annals the oracles of zoroaster and the periplus of hanno london w pickering sandford stella 2016 the dream is a fragment freud transdisciplinarity and early german romanticism radical philosophy 198 25 gasche rodolphe 1991 foreword ideality in fragmentation in schlegel friedrich firchow peter gasche rodolphe eds philosophical fragments university of minnesota press 1 2 3 janowitz ann 2017 the romantic fragment in wu duncan ed a companion to romanticism oxford blackwell p 479 lacoue labarthe philippe nancy jean luc 1988 the literary absolute the theory of literature in german romanticism translated by barnard p lester c suny press p 41 1 2 tronzo william 2009 the fragment an incomplete history los angeles getty research institute p 16 1 2 gąsiorek andrzej 2015 06 22 a history of modernist literature 1 ed wiley p 6 doi 10 1002 9781118607305 ch0 isbn 978 1 4051 7716 0 1 2 3 goldschmidt nora 2023 12 07 introduction fragmentary modernism oxford university pressoxford pp 1 16 doi 10 1093 oso 9780192863409 003 0001 isbn 978 0 19 286340 9 retrieved 2024 04 30 guignery vanessa drag wojciech 2019 introduction the art of the fragment in guignery vanessa drag wojciech eds the poetics of fragmentation in contemporary british and american fiction delaware vernon press pp xiv tytell j 1981 epiphany in chaos fragmentation in modernism in krirzman l d ed fragments incompletion and discontinuity new york literary forum p 3 1 2 3 4 5 drąg wojciech 2017 12 20 jenny offill s dept of speculation and the revival of fragmentary writing miscelánea a journal of english and american studies 56 57 doi 10 26754 ojs_misc mj 20176787 issn 2386 4834 bruns gerald l 2018 interruptions the fragmentary aesthetic in modern literature modern and contemporary poetics tuscaloosa the university of alabama press isbn 978 0 8173 5906 5 1 2 virilio paul lotringer sylvère 1983 pure war translated by polizzotti mark new york semiotext e p 35 wilde alan 1981 horizons of assent modernism postmodernism and the ironic imagination baltimore johns hopkins university press p 42 feng zongxin 2013 a mosaic of fragments as narrative practice maqiao dictionary narrative 21 3 333 345 issn 1063 3685 jstor 24615401 fokkema douwe wessel 1984 literary history modernism and postmodernism utrecht publications in general and comparative literature amsterdam philadelphia j benjamins pub co p 44 isbn 978 90 272 2194 0 suver stacey andrew 2017 interzone s a riot william s burroughs and writing the moroccan revolution journal of transnational american studies 8 1 doi 10 5070 t881028666 callahan shannon 2020 the female and the fragment ed body studies journal 2 2 9 18 burke jordan 2023 what lyric is missing anne carson and the contemporary fragment contemporary literature 63 2 149 173 doi 10 3368 cl 63 2 149 issn 1548 9949 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