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lithuanian national revival wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 lithuanian language status 2 development of national ideas 3 history of scholarship 4 see also 5 references 6 further reading toggle the table of contents lithuanian national revival 21 languages azərbaycanca башҡортса беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская български català čeština deutsch ελληνικά esperanto suomi français italiano lietuvių polski português русский simple english shqip українська 閩南語 bân lâm gí edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia period of the history of lithuania the lithuanian national revival alternatively the lithuanian national awakening or lithuanian nationalism lithuanian lietuvių tautinis atgimimas was a period of the history of lithuania in the 19th century when a major part of lithuanian inhabited areas belonged to the russian empire the russian partition of the polish lithuanian commonwealth it was expressed by the rise of self determination of the lithuanians that led to the formation of the modern lithuanian nation and culminated in the re establishment of an independent lithuanian state the most active participants of the national revival included vincas kudirka and jonas basanavičius the period largely corresponded to the rise of romantic nationalism and other national revivals of 19th century europe the revival was predated by a short period of the early 19th century known as the samogitian revival lt led by students of vilnius university including simonas daukantas and simonas stanevičius the most recent lithuanian national revival may be linked to the late 20th century developments also known as the singing revolution lithuanian language status edit further information lithuanian book smugglers jonas basanavičius one of the revival leaders due to a long period of common polish lithuanian statehood and nationality and the russian empire s policy of russification many of the lithuanian nobles in the 19th century had become polonized and the language was generally used only by the poor and by the middle classes some of the latter tended to use polish as a status symbol for social advancement lithuanian was generally a spoken language and was not considered prestigious enough for written usage it was however retained by some members of the minor nobility especially in the samogitian region the language was not yet standardized its grammar varied greatly from region to region in form of aukštaitijan and samogitian dialects and their sub dialects there were even expectations that the lithuanian language would become extinct as the eastern territories within what is modern day lithuania and northwestern belarus became increasingly slavicized 1 and many people used polish or belarusian in their daily lives at the beginning of the 19th century the use of the lithuanian language was largely limited to lithuanian rural areas the only area where lithuanian was considered suitable for literature was german controlled lithuania minor in east prussia even here an influx of german immigrants threatened the native language and prussian lithuanian culture several factors contributed to its subsequent revival the language drew attention from scholars of the emerging science of comparative linguistics after the abolition of serfdom in the russian empire in 1861 social mobility increased and lithuanian intellectuals arose from the ranks of the rural populace and language became associated with identity in lithuania as elsewhere across europe 2 within the catholic church the barriers that had earlier prevented commoners from entering the priesthood were eased a closer relationship developed between the educated clergy who were increasingly of ethnic lithuanian stock and their parishioners including empathy for their wish to use the lithuanian language 3 the emerging national movement sought to distance itself from both polish and russian influences and the use of the lithuanian language was seen as an important aspect of this movement 4 polish and polonized lithuanian noble critics of the lithuanian national revival and its activists and adherents pejoratively called it lithuanian separatism and lithuanomania 5 development of national ideas edit see also lithuanian separatism auszra formulated the ideas of nationalism the development of lithuanian national culture and national identity was further burdened by the lithuanian press ban one of the repressive measures that followed the 1863 uprising after the uprising serfdom was finally abandoned the revival began among young educated people of lithuanian extraction who attended higher education studies at the universities of the russian empire and foreign states many were sons of wealthy farmers in origin and thus having come from the peasant class was least affected by polonisation the movement resulted in the publication of the lithuanian newspapers aušra and varpas followed by the publication of poems and books in lithuanian these writings romanticized the past of the grand duchy of lithuania depicting the nation as formerly a great power with many heroes the revival spearheaded the independence movement with various organizations opposing russification and russian influence russian policy became harsher in response and there were known instances of attacks on catholic churches meanwhile a ban on the lithuanian press continued yet even with a press ban the literacy of lithuanians continued to rise significantly and was one of the greatest among the nations in the russian empire behind only finns estonians and latvians the political lithuanian nation had already been formed by the end of the 19th century political claims were voiced in the great seimas of vilnius and political and cultural activity continued to grow after the press ban was finally lifted in 1904 history of scholarship edit the first important study on the lithuanian national revival was written by michał pius römer in 1908 lietuva studija apie lietuvių tautos atgimimą litwa studyum o odrodzeniu narodu litewskiego lithuania study of national revival see also edit lithuania portal barn theatres in lithuania references edit in lithuanian ethnographic map or vilnius region in the 19th century retrieved on 2007 05 02 the lithuanian language and nation through the ages outline of a history of lithuanian in its social context william r schmalstieg lituanus 1989 archived 2008 09 08 at the wayback machine christianity in lithuania stanley vardys lituanus fall 1988 clark terry d 2006 barrington lowell w ed nationalism in post soviet lithuania chap 7 pdf university of michigan press isbn 978 0 472 06898 2 retrieved 14 june 2023 ochmański 1990 p 239 further reading edit genzelis bronislovas 2007 the restitution of lithuania s statehood in lithuanian vilnius lithuanian national museum isbn 978 9955 415 66 4 römeris mykolas 2005 lietuva studija apie lietuvių tautos atgimimą lithuania study of national revival in lithuanian vilnius versus aureus isbn 9955 601 94 9 ochmański jerzy 1990 historia litwy in polish 3rd ed wrocław warszawa kraków zakład narodowy im ossolińskich v t e national revivals during the 19th century albanian arab armenian aromanian asturian basque belarusian bengali bosniak bulgarian catalan croatian czech estonian finnish flemish galician georgian german greek hungarian icelandic indian irish italian japanese jewish latvian lithuanian luxembourgish macedonian norwegian occitan philippine polish romanian rusyn serbian slovak slovene sorbian turkish ukrainian welsh v t e lithuania articles history early balts lithuania proper lithuania minor land confederation grand duchy 1219 1295 duchy kingdom christianization lithuanian crusade crusade against tatars polish lithuanian commonwealth partitions revival and independence press ban national revival great seimas of vilnius amber declaration act of independence wars of independence lithuanian soviet war polish lithuanian war 1919 polish coup d état attempt 1926 coup d état wwii and occupations occupation of the baltic states by the soviet union 1940 by nazi germany by the soviet union 1944 state continuity holocaust resistance second soviet republic guerrilla war lithuanian partisans baltic states under soviet rule 1944 1991 government in exile restoration reform movement sąjūdis singing revolution baltic way act of re establishment soviet economic blockade of lithuania january events 2003 lithuanian european union membership referendum eu accession geography cities capital towns climate extreme points fauna flora forests lakes rivers basins protected areas national parks regional parks suwałki gap politics administrative divisions statistical regions counties municipalities elderships constitution constitutional court elections foreign relations government prime minister law law enforcement human rights lgbt political parties president seimas parliament speaker military land force navy air force special operations force economy agriculture banks central bank e residency energy euro regional gdp stock exchange telecommunications tourism transport airports rail roads seaport society demographics education universities ethnic minorities health suicide language lithuanians ethnographic lithuania name religion culture calendar cinema cuisine cultural history cultural regions design literature music monuments of culture mythology names public holidays sport symbols anthem coat of arms flag outline category portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title lithuanian_national_revival oldid 1357291013 categories history of lithuania 1795 1918 lithuanian nationalism hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata articles containing lithuanian language text articles with lithuanian language sources lt webarchive template wayback links cs1 lithuanian language sources lt cs1 polish language sources pl this page was last edited on 1 june 2026 at 20 57 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia 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