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o legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia grammatical case indicating a location this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources locative case news newspapers books scholar jstor may 2007 learn how and when to remove this message in grammar the locative case ˈ l ɒ k ə t ɪ v lok ə tiv abbreviated loc is a grammatical case which indicates a location in languages using it the locative case may perform a function which in english would be expressed with such prepositions as in on at and by the locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and ablative case the locative case exists in many language groups indo european languages edit the proto indo european language had a locative case expressing place where an adverbial function the endings are reconstructed as follows singular plural athematic i ø no ending su thematic e y oy oysu in most later indo european languages the locative case merged into other cases often genitive or dative in form and or function but some daughter languages retained it as a distinct case it is found in modern balto slavic languages except bulgarian and macedonian although it is mostly citation needed used with prepositions in the other slavic languages some classical indo european languages particularly sanskrit and old latin mostly uncommon archaic or literary use in certain modern indic languages such as bangla and marathi in which however a separate ablative case has disappeared latin edit old latin still had a functioning locative singular which descended from the proto indo european form the locative plural was already identical to the dative and ablative plural in classical latin changes to the old latin diphthongs caused the originally distinctive ending of the locative singular to become indistinguishable from the endings of some other cases declension old latin classical latin merger 1st āi ae merged with dative genitive 2nd ei ī merged with genitive 3rd ei e ī e originally like the dative but gradually replaced with the ablative 4th ī ibus ubus gradually replaced with the ablative 5th ēd ē merged with ablative because the locative was already identical to the ablative which had a location meaning as well in the plural the loss of distinction between the endings eventually caused the functions of the locative case to be absorbed by the ablative case in classical latin the original locative singular ending descended from the old latin form remained in use for a few words for first and second declension it was identical to the genitive singular form in archaic times the locative singular of third declension nouns was still interchangeable between ablative and dative forms but in the augustan period the use of the ablative form became fixed therefore both forms rūrī and rūre may be encountered the locative ending of the fifth declension was ē singular only identical to the ablative singular as in hodiē today the latin locative case was only used for the names of cities small islands and a few other isolated words the romans considered all mediterranean islands to be small except for sicily sardinia corsica crete and cyprus britannia was also considered to be a large island there are a few nouns that use the locative instead of a preposition nominative locative meaning rūs rūrī in the countryside domus domī at home humus humī on the ground mīlitia mīlitiae in military service on the field bellum bellī in war focus focī at the hearth animus animī in spirit at heart in mind bellī and mīlitiae are particularly used in contrast to domī at home to convey that someone is away on military service and are used interchangeably the first declension locative is by far the most common because so many roman place names were first declension such as roma rome and therefore use the same form as the genitive and dative romae at rome and hiberniae in ireland a few place names were inherently plural even though they are a single city e g athēnae athens and cūmae cuma these plural names also use the form similar to the dative and ablative athēnīs at athens and cūmīs at cumae there are also a number of second declension names that could have locatives e g brundisium brindisi eborācum york with locatives brundisiī at brindisi eborācī at york the locative cannot express being located at multiple locations plural forms only exist because certain proper names such as athēnae happen to be plural he is at home can be expressed by is domi est using the locative but they are at their individual and separate homes cannot be expressed by the locative greek edit in ancient greek the locative merged with the proto indo european dative so that the greek dative represents the proto indo european dative instrumental and locative the dative with the preposition ἐν en in and the dative of time e g τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ tēî trítēi hēmérāi which means on the third day are examples of locative datives some early texts in particular homer retain the locative in some words for example ἠῶθεν ēôthen at dawn iliad 24 401 germanic languages edit the locative case had merged with the dative in early germanic times and was no longer distinct in proto germanic or in any of its descendants the dative however contrasts with the accusative case which is used to indicate motion toward a place it has an allative meaning the difference in meaning between dative and accusative exists in all of the old germanic languages and survives in all germanic languages that retain a distinction between the two cases sanskrit edit the locative case in sanskrit is usually known as the seventh case saptami vibhakti it is the last out of the main seven cases vibkhatis in the language along with in on at or and by the locative case is also generally used with among in sanskrit slavic languages edit among slavic languages the locative is mostly used after a fixed set of commonly used prepositions besides location slavic languages also employ locative as a way of expressing the method of doing an action time when the action is to take place as well as the topic or theme that something describes in more detail as such it is subordinate to other cases the locative is kept in all slavic languages except for bulgarian and macedonian although russian split it in the singular of a group of masculine nouns and in a few 3rd declension feminines such as дверь into locative and prepositional and serbo croatian uses almost the same set of endings sometimes with different intonation as for the dative the ending depends on whether the word is a noun or an adjective among other factors old slavic edit in old church slavonic the locative is mostly used with a preposition some uses of independent locatives remain mostly in expressions of time such as zimě in winter polu nošti at midnight the locative also occurs as the complement of a handful of verbs such as kŭto prikosnǫ sę rizaxŭ moixŭ who touched my garments in old east slavic moreover place names are regularly used in the locative without a preposition czech edit the czech language uses the locative case to denote location v české republice in the czech republic but as in the russian language the locative case may be used after certain prepositions with meanings other than location o praze about prague po revoluci after the revolution cases other than the locative may be used to denote location in czech as well u roberta at robert s house genitive or nad stolem above the table instrumental the locative case commonly called the 6th case is the only one of the 7 czech cases which cannot be used without a preposition it is used with these prepositions v v místnosti in the room v praze in prague using this preposition with the accusative case has a different meaning v les to the forest and is regarded as archaic na na stole on the desk to záleží na tobě it depends on you the use of this preposition with the accusative case has a different meaning na stůl to the desk po in different meanings past after on to for by this preposition takes the accusative case in some meanings při by nearby with o about of on for at during by with over against using this preposition with the accusative case has a different use and meaning jedná se o to jedná se o tom if the preposition uses both accusative and locative case the accusative is used for direction where to while locative for pure location where in case of the preposition o about this distinction can be very subtle and untranslatable or depending on the controlling verb the locative form of substantives in the singular is mostly identical with the dative case 3rd case possible endings for locative case u hard masculines o pánu hradu hard neuters městu i soft masculines o muži stroji soudci some neuters moři some feminines růži písni kosti ovi animate masculines o pánovi mužovi předsedovi soudcovi e o lese o mařce ě na hradě o ženě o městě eti o kuřeti knížeti í o stavení for adjectives and adjectival substantives ém ým or ym in common czech for hard masculine and neuter adjectives o mladém vo mladým o vrátném m for soft masculine and neuter adjectives o jarním o průvodčím é ý or ej in common czech for hard feminine adjectives o mladé vo mladý vo mladej í for soft feminine adjectives o jarní the locative form in the plural typically has the ending ch o mladých ženách the dual has ending ou v obou dvou případech na rukou see czech declension for declension patterns for all czech grammatical cases including the locative slovak edit the slovak language uses the locative case to denote location na slovensku in slovakia but as in the russian language the locative case may be used after certain prepositions with meanings other than location o bratislave about bratislava po revolúcii after the revolution cases other than the locative may be used to denote location in slovak as well u milana at milan s house genitive or nad stolom above the table instrumental a preposition must always be used with this case there are several different locative endings in slovak e used for singular nouns of all genders except masculine animate e g stôl o stole láska v láske mesto po meste u used for masculine inanimate singular nouns ending in a velar consonant e g hliník o hliníku mozog v mozgu bok na boku vzduch vo vzduchu or a glottal consonant e g hloh po hlohu all neuter singular nouns ending in kv chv iv uv v being o or um e g jablko v jablku ucho na uchu akvárium pri akváriu vákuum vo vákuu i used for masculine inanimate nouns ending in a soft consonant c č ď dz dž j ľ ň š ť ž e g ovládač remote o ovládači about the remote tŕň v tŕni feminine nouns ending in a soft consonant or a soft consonant followed by a e g vôňa o vôni kosť bone o kosti about bone feminine nouns ending in ia or ea e g mária na márii andrea v andrei neuter nouns ending in e or ie e g srdce pri srdci í used for neuter nouns ending in ie e g vysvedčenie na vysvedčení ovi used for masculine animate nouns e g chlap o chlapovi hrdina po hrdinovi om used for masculine and neuter singular adjectives pekný pekné o peknom ej used for feminine singular adjectives and feminine nouns ending in á pekná gazdiná na peknej gazdinej m used for masculine animate nouns following the kuli pattern being most names in i y etc e g harry o harrym och used for masculine nouns in plural e g malí chlapi o malých chlapoch ách used for plural feminine and neuter nouns e g ženy women o ženách about women there are variations ach used when the preceding vowel is long or a diphthong ia ie iu ô e g lásky v láskach dielo pri dielach iach used after soft consonants e g schopnosť o schopnostiach srdce v srdciach ích ých used for plural adjectives of all genders e g malé obchody small shops v malých obchodoch in small shops with the variation ich ych when the preceding vowel is long rýchle autá fast cars o rýchlych autách about fast cars see also slovak declension for declension patterns for all slovak grammatical cases including locative polish edit there are several different locative endings in polish e is used after hard consonant except for k g and c h in masculine and neuter nouns in feminine nouns it is used after all hard consonant including k g and c h the ending has a softening effect on the preceding consonant brat bracie rzeka rzece noga nodze rower rowerze piekło piekle for a complete list see polish hard and soft consonants u is used for masculine and neuter nouns after a soft consonant hardened consonant k g and c h koń koniu słońce słońcu dach dachu y is used in feminine nouns after hardened consonants ulica ulicy cisza ciszy róża róży i is used in feminine nouns after soft consonants kawiarnia kawiarni fasola fasoli hania hani im ym used for masculine and neuter singular adjectives e g język polski polish language w języku polskim in the polish language ej used for feminine singular adjectives e g duża krowa big cow o dużej krowie about a big cow in plural ach used for plural nouns of all genders e g kobiety women o kobietach about women ich ych used for plural adjectives of all genders e g małe sklepy small shops w małych sklepach in small shops russian edit in the russian language the locative case has largely lost its use as an independent case and become the prepositional case which is used only after a preposition the latter is not always used to indicate location while other cases may also be used to specify location e g the genitive case as in у окна u okna by the window statements such as в библиотеке v biblioteke in the library or на аляске na aljaske in alaska demonstrate the use of the prepositional case to indicate location however this case is also used after the preposition о about as in о студенте o studente about the student nevertheless approximately 150 masculine nouns retain a distinct form for the locative case used only after в and на these forms end in у́ or ю́ лежать в снегу́ ležať v snegú to lie in the snow but думать о сне́ге dumať o snége to think about snow other examples are рай raj paradise в раю́ дым dym smoke and в дыму́ v dymú as indicated by the accent marks the stress is always on the last syllable which is unlike the dative case forms with the same spelling a few feminine nouns that end with the soft sign such as дверь and пыль also have a locative form that differs from the prepositional in that the stress shifts to the final syllable на двери́ na dverí on the door but при две́ри pri dvéri by the door these distinct feminine forms are sometimes referenced as second locative or new locative because they developed independently from the true locative case which existed in old russian 1 2 3 with some words such as дом dom house the second locative form is used only in certain idiomatic expressions while the prepositional is used elsewhere for example на д...