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lopingian wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 geography 2 life toggle life subsection 2 1 fossil gallery 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents lopingian 24 languages afrikaans العربية català deutsch español فارسی français hrvatski magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 한국어 македонски bahasa melayu nederlands polski português română srpskohrvatski српскохрватски svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia third and final series of the permian lopingian 259 51 0 21 251 902 0 024 ma preꞓ ꞓ o s d c p t j k pg n a map of earth as it appeared 255 million years ago during the lopingian epoch wuchiapingian age chronology 300 295 290 285 280 275 270 265 260 255 250 paleozoic mz c permian tr pennsylvanian cisuralian guadalup lopin early triassic asselian sakmarian artinskian kungurian roadian wordian capitanian wuchiapingian changhsingian permian triassic mass extinction event end capitanian extinction event olson s extinction subdivision of the permian according to the ics as of 2023 1 vertical axis scale millions of years ago etymology name formality formal synonym s late upper permian usage information celestial body earth regional usage global ics time scale s used ics time scale definition chronological unit epoch stratigraphic unit series time span formality formal lower boundary definition fad of the conodont clarkina postbitteri postbitteri lower boundary gssp penglaitan section laibin guangxi china 23 41 43 n 109 19 16 e 23 6953 n 109 3211 e 23 6953 109 3211 lower gssp ratified 2004 2 upper boundary definition fad of the conodont hindeodus parvus upper boundary gssp meishan zhejiang china 31 04 47 n 119 42 21 e 31 0798 n 119 7058 e 31 0798 119 7058 upper gssp ratified 2001 3 the lopingian informally the late or upper permian is the uppermost series last epoch of the permian 4 and last epoch of the paleozoic the lopingian was preceded by the guadalupian and followed by the early triassic the name was introduced by amadeus william grabau in 1931 and derives from leping jiangxi in china 5 it consists of two stages ages the earlier is the wuchiapingian and the later is the changhsingian 6 the international chronostratigraphic chart v2018 07 4 provides a numerical age of 259 1 0 5 ma if a global boundary stratotype section and point gssp has been approved the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch the gssp for the wuchiapingian has a numerical age of 259 8 0 4 ma 7 8 evidence from milankovitch cycles suggests that the length of an earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours 9 geography edit during the lopingian most of the earth was in the supercontinent pangaea the zechstein sea would at times be connected to the paleo tethys ocean other features of the earth during the time were the microcontinent cathaysia and the cimmerian super terrane which divided the tethys ocean realm into the paleo tethys ocean and the slowly expanding neotethys or tethys ocean life edit main page category lopingian life the lopingian ended with the permian triassic extinction event where over 95 of species went extinct the series follows the guadalupian which ended with the capitanian mass extinction during which many species of brachiopods ammonoids and other groups went extinct 10 conodonts would reach their all time low during this period despite this they are recovered from most marine permian localities 11 common conodonts from the lopingian include the genera clarkina and hindeodus the lopingian would see the decline of the paleozoic ammonoid orders goniatitida and prolecanitida and the rise of the order ceratitida especially within the superfamily xenodiscoidea 12 only seven trilobites are known from the lopingian with only five by the end of the epoch one of the last members of this clade was kathwaia capitorosa 13 eurypterids were nearly extinct by this point consisting of the possibly lopingian campylocephalus permicus of russia and the changhsingian woodwardopterus freemanorum of australia 14 a member of the extant horseshoe crab family limulidae guangyuanolimulus appears at the end of the period 15 on land gorgonopsians would become the apex predators after the extinction of the dinocephalians other predators included the therocephalians herbivorous animals of the lopingian include the pareiasaurs such as scutosaurus and dicynodonts such as dicynodon fossil gallery edit smilesaurus ferox one of the most fearsome predators of the lopingian skull of dicynodon a dicynodont scutosaurus a common herbivore during the late permian paratirolites an ammonoid from the latest permian changhsingian see also edit geologic time scale system that relates geologic strata to time cisuralian first series of the permian references edit international chronostratigraphic chart pdf international commission on stratigraphy september 2023 retrieved 23 october 2025 jin yugan shen shuzhong henderson charles wang xiangdong wang wei wang yue cao changqun shang qinghua december 2006 the global stratotype section and point gssp for the boundary between the capitanian and wuchiapingian stage permian pdf episodes 29 4 253 262 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 2006 v29i4 003 retrieved 13 december 2020 hongfu yin kexin zhang jinnan tong zunyi yang shunbao wu june 2001 the global stratotype section and point gssp of the permian triassic boundary pdf episodes 24 2 102 114 doi 10 18814 epiiugs 2001 v24i2 004 retrieved 8 december 2020 1 2 international commission on stratigraphy chart retrieved 10 july 2018 zhang shouxin 2009 geological formation names of china 1866 2000 beijing dordrecht higher education press springer p 681 isbn 978 7 040 25475 4 allaby michael 2015 a dictionary of geology and earth sciences 4th ed oxford university press doi 10 1093 acref 9780199653065 001 0001 isbn 978 0 19 965306 5 international commission on stratigraphy gssps retrieved 10 july 2018 gradstein felix m ogg james g smith alan g 2004 a geologic time scale 2004 cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 78673 7 wu huaichun zhang shihong hinnov linda a jiang ganqing feng qinglai li haiyan yang tianshui 13 september 2013 time calibrated milankovitch cycles for the late permian nature communications 4 2452 bibcode 2013natco 4 2452w doi 10 1038 ncomms3452 pmc 3778519 pmid 24030138 s2cid 6477972 bond david hilton jason wignall paul ali jason stevens liadan sun yadong lai xulong 2010 the middle permian capitanian mass extinction on land and in the oceans earth science reviews 102 1 2 100 116 bibcode 2010esrv 102 100b doi 10 1016 j earscirev 2010 07 004 wardlaw r b 1995 permian conodonts in scholle p a peryt t m ulmer scholle d s eds the permian of northern pangea berlin heidelberg springer pp 186 195 doi 10 1007 978 3 642 78593 1_12 isbn 978 3 642 78595 5 leonova t b 2016 major trends in the evolution of permian ammonoids paleontological journal 50 2 131 140 bibcode 2016palj 50 131l doi 10 1134 s0031030116020039 the last trilobites www trilobites info poschmann marjus j rozefelds andrew 2022 the last eurypterid a southern high latitude record of sweep feeding sea scorpion from australia constrains the timing of their extinction historical biology 34 10 2020 2030 bibcode 2022hbio 34 2020p doi 10 1080 08912963 2021 1998033 hu shixue feldmann rodney m schweitzer carrie e benton michael j huang jinyuan wen wen min xiao zhang qiyue zhou changyong ma zhixin 15 september 2022 a new horseshoe crab from the permian triassic transition of south china xiphosurids as key components of post extinction trophic webs palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 602 111178 doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2022 111178 hdl 1983 7653b251 0601 46b0 9067 191d32f02f2c issn 0031 0182 v t e permian period cisuralian guadalupian lopingian asselian sakmarian artinskian kungurian roadian wordian capitanian wuchiapingian changhsingian v t e geological history of earth cenozoic era present 66 0 ma quaternary present 2 58 ma holocene present 11 7 ka pleistocene 11 7 ka 2 58 ma neogene 2 58 23 0 ma pliocene 2 59 5 33 ma miocene 5 33 23 0 ma paleogene 23 0 66 0 ma oligocene 23 0 33 9 ma eocene 33 9 56 0 ma paleocene 56 0 66 0 ma mesozoic era 66 0 252 ma cretaceous 66 0 145 ma late 66 0 100 ma early 100 145 ma jurassic 145 201 ma late 145 164 ma middle 164 174 ma early 174 201 ma triassic 201 252 ma late 201 237 ma middle 237 247 ma early 247 252 ma paleozoic era 252 539 ma permian 252 299 ma lopingian 252 260 ma guadalupian 260 272 ma cisuralian 272 299 ma carboniferous 299 359 ma pennsylvanian 299 323 ma mississippian 323 359 ma devonian 359 419 ma late 359 383 ma middle 383 393 ma early 393 419 ma silurian 419 444 ma pridoli 419 423 ma ludlow 423 427 ma wenlock 427 433 ma llandovery 433 444 ma ordovician 444 485 ma late 444 458 ma middle 458 470 ma early 470 485 ma cambrian 485 539 ma furongian 485 497 ma miaolingian 497 509 ma series 2 509 521 ma terreneuvian 521 539 ma proterozoic eon 539 ma 2 5 ga neoproterozoic 539 ma 1 ga ediacaran 539 635 ma cryogenian 635 720 ma tonian 720 ma 1 ga mesoproterozoic 1 1 6 ga stenian 1 1 2 ga ectasian 1 2 1 4 ga calymmian 1 4 1 6 ga paleoproterozoic 1 6 2 5 ga statherian 1 6 1 8 ga orosirian 1 8 2 05 ga rhyacian 2 05 2 3 ga siderian 2 3 2 5 ga archean eon 2 5 4 ga neoarchean 2 5 2 8 ga mesoarchean 2 8 3 2 ga paleoarchean 3 2 3 6 ga eoarchean 3 6 4 ga hadean eon 4 4 6 ga ka kiloannum thousand years ago ma megaannum million years ago ga gigaannum billion years ago see also geologic time scale geology portal world portal retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title lopingian oldid 1368639904 categories lopingian permian geochronology geological epochs hidden categories use dmy dates from march 2021 articles with short description short description is different from wikidata pages using gadget wikiminiatlas this page was last edited on 10 august 2026 at 06 26 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct 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