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s significantly with elevation 6 demographics edit core area b population history year pop 1971 1 121 018 1981 1 309 560 16 8 1986 1 491 580 13 9 1991 1 733 761 16 2 1996 2 054 062 18 5 2001 2 224 515 8 3 2006 2 373 612 6 7 2011 2 590 921 9 2 2016 2 759 365 6 5 2021 2 966 830 7 5 source statistics canada 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 population edit as of the 2021 census the population of the lower mainland core area totals 2 966 830 2 642 825 in metro vancouver regional district 2 324 005 in the fraser valley regional district 3 these figures are slightly inflated due to the inclusion of areas within the regional districts which are not normally considered to be part of the lower mainland notably the lower fraser canyon and the heads of harrison and pitt lakes which are within the fvrd and lions bay and bowen island which are within the metro vancouver regional district citation needed ethnicity edit panethnic breakdown of the lower mainland 2021 census 2 3 european c 45 7 east asian d 21 0 south asian 14 5 southeast asian e 7 09 middle eastern f 3 05 indigenous 2 99 latin american 1 86 african 1 53 other g 2 32 the lower mainland is among the most multicultural and diverse regions in canada as of 2021 europeans form a plurality with 1 337 105 persons or 45 7 percent of the total population followed by east asians with 614 860 persons or 21 0 percent and south asians with 422 880 persons or 14 5 percent panethnic groups in the lower mainland 2001 2021 panethnic group 2021 2 3 2016 7 8 2011 9 10 2006 11 12 2001 13 14 pop pop pop pop pop european c 1 337 105 45 72 1 387 125 51 09 1 403 525 54 99 1 381 770 58 75 1 397 990 63 51 east asian d 614 860 21 02 564 445 20 79 494 130 19 36 458 165 19 48 399 785 18 16 south asian 422 880 14 46 330 925 12 19 285 780 11 2 233 530 9 93 183 660 8 34 southeast asian e 207 420 7 09 173 060 6 37 159 430 6 25 115 185 4 9 88 000 4 middle eastern f 89 135 3 05 63 300 2 33 49 505 1 94 36 085 1 53 27 595 1 25 indigenous 87 355 2 99 83 660 3 08 70 915 2 78 54 845 2 33 48 380 2 2 latin american 54 545 1 86 36 855 1 36 30 510 1 2 24 480 1 04 20 040 0 91 african 44 700 1 53 32 325 1 19 25 385 0 99 21 945 0 93 19 320 0 88 other multiracial g 67 755 2 32 43 295 1 59 33 165 1 3 25 815 1 1 16 565 0 75 total responses 2 924 685 98 58 2 715 000 98 39 2 552 350 98 51 2 351 805 99 08 2 201 330 98 96 total population b 2 966 830 100 2 759 365 100 2 590 921 100 2 373 612 100 2 224 515 100 note totals greater than 100 due to multiple origin responses largest ethnic origin by census tract 2021 census religion edit religion in the lower mainland 2021 2 3 irreligious 46 6 christian 33 8 sikh 9 09 muslim 3 89 buddhist 2 48 hindu 2 43 jewish 0 70 other 1 02 the lower mainland includes large irreligious christian and sikh communities the sikh population numbering over 265 000 persons or 9 1 percent of the total population is statistically significant across metro vancouver and the fraser valley proportionally it is more than four times the national average of 2 1 percent religious groups in the lower mainland 2001 2021 religious group 2021 2 3 2011 16 17 2001 13 14 pop pop pop irreligion 1 361 800 46 56 1 042 815 40 86 758 130 34 44 christianity 989 105 33 82 1 088 160 42 63 1 138 505 51 72 sikhism 265 870 9 09 184 810 7 24 116 110 5 27 islam 113 880 3 89 74 320 2 91 53 225 2 42 buddhism 72 595 2 48 79 680 3 12 76 140 3 46 hinduism 71 210 2 43 42 205 1 65 28 440 1 29 judaism 20 430 0 7 19 125 0 75 17 555 0 8 indigenous spirituality 2 895 0 1 2 590 0 1 2 225 0 1 other 26 900 0 92 18 640 0 73 11 015 0 5 total responses 2 924 685 98 58 2 552 350 98 51 2 201 325 98 96 total population b 2 966 830 100 2 590 921 100 2 224 515 100 language edit knowledge of language 2016 2021 language 2021 2 3 2016 7 8 pop pop english 2 772 150 94 78 2 569 215 94 63 mandarin 295 400 10 1 252 260 9 29 punjabi 286 270 9 79 223 510 8 23 cantonese 235 220 8 04 224 655 8 27 french 185 330 6 34 185 420 6 83 tagalog 113 205 3 87 98 395 3 62 hindi 119 435 4 08 75 125 2 77 spanish 100 355 3 43 79 885 2 94 korean 63 335 2 17 52 650 1 94 german 43 490 1 49 47 825 1 76 total responses 2 924 680 98 58 2 714 995 98 39 total population b 2 966 830 100 2 759 365 100 mother tongue 2016 2021 language 2021 2 3 2016 7 8 pop pop english 1 576 995 53 65 1 537 875 56 31 punjabi 219 015 7 45 182 050 6 67 mandarin 193 190 6 57 176 435 6 46 cantonese 183 860 6 25 185 135 6 78 tagalog 69 895 2 38 68 240 2 5 persian 54 985 1 87 41 645 1 52 korean 54 385 1 85 47 715 1 75 spanish 49 255 1 68 38 705 1 42 french 27 280 0 93 27 820 1 02 german 24 795 0 84 32 210 1 18 total responses 2 939 500 99 08 2 731 255 98 98 total population b 2 966 830 100 2 759 365 100 regional districts edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2025 learn how and when to remove this message regional districts were first created across british columbia from 1966 to 1967 to form bodies for inter municipal coordination and to extend municipal level powers to areas outside existing municipalities today the lower mainland includes two regional districts the metro vancouver regional district mvrd and the fraser valley regional district fvrd both regional districts however include areas outside the traditional limits of the lower mainland metro vancouver includes areas like surrey and langley that are geographically in the fraser valley the metro vancouver regional district is made up of 21 municipalities the mvrd is bordered on the west by the strait of georgia to the north by the squamish lillooet regional district on the east by the fraser valley regional district and to the south by whatcom county washington in the united states the fraser valley regional district lies east of the metro vancouver regional district and comprises the cities of abbotsford and chilliwack the district municipalities of mission kent and hope and the village of harrison hot springs it also includes many unincorporated areas in the fraser valley and along the west side of the fraser canyon the fraser canyon is not in the lower mainland regional district powers are very limited and other localized provincial government services are delivered through other regionalization systems indigenous territories edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed december 2024 learn how and when to remove this message the region was historically occupied by the musqueam and tsleil waututh and the southern portion was historically occupied by the squamish its claims overlap those of the tsleil waututh musqueam and kwikwetlem other peoples who historically occupied the region are the sto lo chehalis katzie kwantlen tsawwassen and semiahmoo many of their territories overlap with those of the musqueam and with each other many other peoples of the georgia strait region also frequented the lower fraser including those from vancouver island and what is now whatcom county washington sto lo traditional territory known as solh temexw in halkomelem roughly coincides with the lower mainland except for the inclusion of port douglas at the head of harrison lake which is in in shuck ch territory and the lands around burrard inlet health regions edit health system services and governance in the lower mainland are provided by vancouver coastal health serving vancouver richmond and the north shore and the mainland coast as far north as the central coast region and fraser health which serves the area of the lower mainland east of vancouver and richmond 18 natural threats edit flooding edit the lower mainland is considered to have a high vulnerability to flood risk there have been two major region wide floods in 1894 and 1948 both associated with an extreme spring freshet of the fraser river 19 20 21 other major floods in the lower mainland including june 1972 22 23 november 1990 24 25 and november 2021 have been more localized primarily impacting areas in the fraser valley like the sumas prairie with comparatively minor impacts to metro vancouver prior to the 2021 flood according to the fraser basin council scientists predicted a one in three chance of a similar sized flood occurring in the next 50 years 26 in the second quarter of 2007 the lower mainland was on high alert for flooding higher than normal snow packs in the british columbia interior prompted municipal governments to start taking emergency measures in the region dikes along the fraser river are regulated to handle approximately 8 5 metres 28 ft at the mission gauge the height above sea level of the dykes at mission warmer than normal weather in the province s interior region caused large amounts of snow to melt prematurely resulting in higher than normal water levels which nevertheless remained well below flood levels 27 28 flooding can cover much of the lower mainland cloverdale barnston island low lying areas of maple ridge areas west of hope white rock richmond parts of vancouver and parts of surrey are potentially at risk in 2007 the lower mainland was largely spared although northern regions of the province along the skeena and nechako rivers experienced floods climate scientists predict that increasing temperatures will mean wetter winters and more snow at the high elevations this will increase the likelihood of snowmelt floods 29 the provincial government maintains an integrated flood hazard management program and extensive flood protection infrastructure in the lower mainland the infrastructure consists of dikes pump stations floodboxes riprap and relief wells 30 earthquakes edit while earthquakes are common in british columbia and adjacent coastal waters most are minor in energy release or are sufficiently remote to have little effect on populated areas nevertheless earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 7 3 have occurred within 150 kilometres 93 mi of the lower mainland based on geological evidence however stronger earthquakes appear to have occurred at approximately 600 year intervals therefore there is a probability that there will be a major earthquake in the region within the next 200 years 31 in april 2008 the united states geological survey released information concerning a newly found fault south of downtown abbotsford called the boulder creek fault scientists now believe this fault is active and capable of producing earthquakes in the 6 8 magnitude range 32 volcanoes edit much of the lower mainland is vulnerable to explosive eruptions from the garibaldi volcanic belt volcanoes in this zone are capable of producing large quantities of volcanic ash that may cause short and long term water supply problems for lower mainland communities 33 all airports covered by the accompanying eruption column would be closed heavy ash falls would damage electrical equipment and weak structures could collapse under the weight of the ash 34 communities edit the lower mainland s communities includes large cities in metro vancouver and smaller cities towns and villages along both banks of the fraser river neighbourhoods within cities are not listed unless historically or otherwise notable and or separate only some of the many indian reserves are listed upper fraser valley edit agassiz bridal falls chehalis greendale lake errock kent harrison hot springs harrison mills hope flood laidlaw popkum rosedale ruby creek central fraser valley edit abbotsford bradner chilliwack clayburn clearbrook cultus lake deroche dewdney durieu hatzic huntingdon mission mount lehman nicomen island ruskin sardis silverdale silverhill stave falls steelhead yarrow metro vancouver edit albion aldergrove anmore annieville barnston island belcarra boundary bay bridgeport brighouse burnaby burquitlam cloverdale coquitlam crescent beach derby old derby douglas delta fort langley haney kanaka creek langley city langley district lions bay maillardville maple ridge new westminster newton north vancouver city north vancouver district pitt meadows port coquitlam port hammond hammond port kells port moody queensborough richmond sapperton sea island scottsdale steveston surrey tsawwassen neighbourhood tsawwassen first nation ubc vancouver university endowment lands vancouver west vancouver whalley white rock whonnock yennadon see also edit fraser lowland list of provincial parks of the lower mainland notes edit 1 2 total population of the lower mainland economic region which includes the metro vancouver regional district fraser valley regional district squamish lillooet regional district and sunshine coast regional district 1 2 3 4 5 6 combined population of the metro vancouver regional district and the fraser valley regional district 1 2 statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity 1 2 statistic includes total responses of chinese korean and japanese under visible minority section on census 1 2 statistic includes total responses of filipino and southeast asian under visible minority section on census 1 2 statistic includes total responses of west asian and arab under visible minority section on census 1 2 statistic includes total responses of visible minority n i e and multiple visible minorities under visible minority section on census references edit 1 2 data table census profile 2021 census of population lower mainland southwest economic region british columbia archived from the original on 28 may 2024 retrieved 10 february 2022 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 government of canada statistics canada 26 october 2022 census profile 2021 census of population profile table greater vancouver regional district british columbia census division www12 statcan gc ca archived from the original on 14 november 2022 retrieved 13 november 2022 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 government of canada statistics canada 26 october 2022 census profile 2021 census of population profile table fraser valley regional district british columbia census division www12 statcan gc ca archived from the original on 14 november 2022 retrieved 13 november 2022 gentilcore r l ed 1993 historical atlas of canada vol ii the land transformed 1800 1891 plate 36 lower mainland 1881 toronto university of toronto press isbn 0 8020 3447 0 lower mainland bc geographical names government of british columbia b c geographical names office bcgno 1 2 environment canada ecoregions of canada lower mainland archived 16 may 2013 at the wayback machine ecological framework of canada retrieved on 9 july 2011 1 2 3 4 government of canada statistics canada 27 october 2021 census profile 2016 census greater vancouver regional district census division british columbia and british columbia province www12 statcan gc ca archived from the original on 14 november 2022 retrieved 13 november 2022 1 2 3 4 government of canada statistics canada 27 october 2021 census profile 2016 census fraser valley regional distri...