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Text of the page (random words):
able version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia yellow organic pigment created by plants lutein names iupac name 3 r 6 r 3 r β ε carotene 3 3 diol systematic iupac name 1 r 4 r 4 1 e 3 e 5 e 7 e 9 e 11 e 13 e 15 e 17 e 18 4 r 4 hydroxy 2 6 6 trimethylcyclohex 1 en 1 yl 3 7 12 16 tetramethyloctadeca 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 nonaen 1 yl 3 5 5 trimethylcyclohex 2 en 1 ol other names luteine trans lutein xanthophyll identifiers cas number 127 40 2 y 3d model jsmol interactive image chebi chebi 28838 y chembl chembl173929 y chemspider 4444655 y echa infocard 100 004 401 e number e161b colours pubchem cid 5281243 unii x72a60c9mt y comptox dashboard epa dtxsid8046749 inchi inchi 1s c40h56o2 c1 29 17 13 19 31 3 21 23 37 33 5 25 35 41 27 39 37 7 8 15 11 12 16 30 2 18 14 20 32 4 22 24 38 34 6 26 36 42 28 40 38 9 10 h11 25 35 37 41 42h 26 28h2 1 10h3 b12 11 17 13 18 14 23 21 24 22 29 15 30 16 31 19 32 20 t35 36 37 m0 s1 y key kbphjbaiarwvsc rgzfrnhpsa n y inchi 1s c40h56o2 c1 29 17 13 19 31 3 21 23 37 33 5 25 35 41 27 39 37 7 8 15 11 12 16 30 2 18 14 20 32 4 22 24 38 34 6 26 36 42 28 40 38 9 10 h11 25 35 37 41 42h 26 28h2 1 10h3 b12 11 17 13 18 14 23 21 24 22 29 15 30 16 31 19 32 20 t35 36 37 m0 s1 key kbphjbaiarwvsc rgzfrnhpby key kbphjbaiarwvsc rgzfrnhpsa n smiles cc1 c c c c h c1 o c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c h 2c c c h cc2 c c o c c c properties chemical formula c 40 h 56 o 2 molar mass 568 871 g mol appearance red orange crystalline solid melting point 190 c 374 f 463 k 1 solubility in water insoluble solubility in fats soluble except where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 c 77 f 100 kpa y verify what is y n infobox references chemical compound lutein ˈ lj uː t i ɪ n t iː n 2 from latin luteus meaning yellow is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids 3 lutein is synthesized only by plants and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach kale and yellow carrots in green plants xanthophylls act to modulate light energy and serve as non photochemical quenching agents to deal with triplet chlorophyll an excited form of chlorophyll which is overproduced at high light levels during photosynthesis 3 animals obtain lutein by ingesting plants 3 in the human retina lutein is absorbed from blood specifically into the macula lutea 4 although its precise role in the body is unknown 3 lutein is also found in egg yolks and animal fats lutein is isomeric with zeaxanthin differing only in the placement of one double bond lutein and zeaxanthin can be interconverted in the body through an intermediate called meso zeaxanthin 5 the principal natural stereoisomer of lutein is 3 r 3 r 6 r beta epsilon carotene 3 3 diol lutein is a lipophilic molecule and is generally insoluble in water the presence of the long chromophore of conjugated double bonds polyene chain provides the distinctive light absorbing properties the polyene chain is susceptible to oxidative degradation by light or heat and is chemically unstable in acids lutein is present in plants as fatty acid esters with one or two fatty acids bound to the two hydroxyl groups 3 for this reason saponification de esterification of lutein esters to yield free lutein may yield lutein in any ratio from 1 1 to 1 2 molar ratio with the saponifying fatty acid as a pigment edit this xanthophyll like its sister compound zeaxanthin has primarily been used in food and supplement manufacturing as a colorant due to its yellow red color 3 6 lutein absorbs blue light and therefore appears yellow at low concentrations and orange red at high concentrations many songbirds like golden oriole evening grosbeak yellow warbler common yellowthroat and javan green magpies but not american goldfinch or yellow canaries 7 deposit lutein obtained from the diet into growing tissues to color their feathers 8 9 role in human eyes edit although lutein is concentrated in the macula a small area of the retina responsible for three color vision the precise functional role of retinal lutein has not been determined 3 macular degeneration edit in 2013 findings of the age related eye disease study areds2 showed that a dietary supplement formulation containing lutein reduced progression of age related macular degeneration amd by 25 percent 10 11 however lutein and zeaxanthin had no overall effect on preventing amd but rather the participants with low dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin at the start of the study but who took an areds formulation with lutein and zeaxanthin during the study were about 25 percent less likely to develop advanced amd compared with participants with similar dietary intake who did not take lutein and zeaxanthin 11 in areds2 participants took one of four areds formulations the original areds formulation areds formulation with no beta carotene areds with low zinc areds with no beta carotene and low zinc in addition they took one of four additional supplement or combinations including lutein and zeaxanthin 10 mg and 2 mg omega 3 fatty acids 1 000 mg lutein zeaxanthin and omega 3 fatty acids or placebo the study reported that there was no overall additional benefit from adding omega 3 fatty acids or lutein and zeaxanthin to the formulation however the study did find benefits in two subgroups of participants those not given beta carotene and those who had little lutein and zeaxanthin in their diets removing beta carotene did not curb the formulation s protective effect against developing advanced amd which was important given that high doses of beta carotene had been linked to higher risk of lung cancers in smokers it was recommended to replace beta carotene with lutein and zeaxanthin in future formulations for these reasons 10 three subsequent meta analyses of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin concluded that these carotenoids lower the risk of progression from early stage amd to late stage amd 12 13 14 an updated 2023 cochrane review of 26 studies from several countries however concluded that dietary supplements containing zeaxanthin and lutein alone have little effect when compared to placebo on the progression of amd 15 in general there remains insufficient evidence to assess the effectiveness of dietary or supplemental zeaxanthin or lutein in treatment or prevention of early amd 15 16 cataract research edit there is preliminary epidemiological evidence that increasing lutein and zeaxanthin intake lowers the risk of cataract development 3 17 consumption of more than 2 4 mg of lutein zeaxanthin daily from foods and supplements was significantly correlated with reduced incidence of nuclear lens opacities as revealed from data collected during a 13 to 15 year period in one study 18 two meta analyses confirm a correlation between high diet content or high serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and a decrease in the risk of cataract 19 20 there is only one published clinical intervention trial testing for an effect of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation on cataracts the areds2 trial enrolled subjects at risk for progression to advanced age related macular degeneration overall the group getting lutein 10 mg and zeaxanthin 2 mg were not less likely to progress to needing cataract surgery the authors speculated that there may be a cataract prevention benefit for people with low dietary intake of lutein and zeaxanthin but recommended more research 21 in foods edit lutein is a natural part of a human diet found in orange yellow fruits and flowers and in leafy vegetables 16 according to the nhanes 2013 2014 survey adults in the united states consume on average 1 7 mg day of lutein and zeaxanthin combined 22 no recommended dietary allowance currently exists for lutein some positive health effects have been seen at dietary intake levels of 6 10 mg day 23 the only definitive side effect of excess lutein consumption is bronzing of the skin carotenodermia 16 as a food additive lutein has the e number e161b ins number 161b and is extracted from the petals of mexican marigold tagetes erecta 24 it is approved for use in the eu 25 and australia new zealand 26 in the united states lutein may not be used as a food coloring for foods intended for human consumption but can be added to animal feed and is allowed as a human dietary supplement often in combination with zeaxanthin 16 27 some foods contain relatively high amounts of lutein and zeaxanthin 16 28 in a ranking provided by the usda fooddata central database the highest food levels of lutein and zeaxanthin expressed together as micrograms per 100 grams of powder or fresh frozen or raw weight are found in dry paprika powder 18 9 milligrams per 100 g or 1 29 mg per 1 tablespoon serving frozen spinach 15 7 mg per 100 g sweet potato leaves dandelion greens spice red cayenne pepper powder 13 2 mg per 100 g or 0 237 mg per 1 teaspoon serving and turnip greens 12 8 milligrams per 100 g 29 safety edit in humans the observed safe level osl for lutein based on a non government organization evaluation is 20 mg day 30 although much higher levels have been tested without adverse effects and may also be safe the data for intakes above the osl are not sufficient for a confident conclusion of long term safety 16 30 neither the u s food and drug administration nor the european food safety authority considers lutein an essential nutrient or has acted to set a tolerable upper intake level 16 commercial value edit the lutein market is segmented into pharmaceutical dietary supplement food pet food and animal and fish feed this includes chickens usually in combination with other carotenoids to get color in egg yolks and fish farms to color the flesh closer to wild caught color 16 in the dietary supplement industry the major market for lutein is for products with claims of helping maintain eye health 16 see also edit carotenoids list of phytochemicals in food references edit msds at carl roth lutein rotichrom german lutein random house webster s unabridged dictionary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 carotenoids micronutrient information center linus pauling institute oregon state university corvallis 2025 retrieved 28 december 2025 bernstein p s li b vachali p p gorusupudi a shyam r henriksen b s nolan j m 2015 lutein zeaxanthin and meso zeaxanthin the basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid based nutritional interventions against ocular disease progress in retinal and eye research 50 34 66 doi 10 1016 j preteyeres 2015 10 003 pmc 4698241 pmid 26541886 krinksy norman landrum john bone richard 2003 biological mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye annual review of nutrition 23 1 171 201 doi 10 1146 annurev nutr 23 011702 073307 pmid 12626691 maintaining color stability natural products insider informa exhibitions llc 1 august 2006 archived from the original on 10 august 2017 retrieved 10 august 2017 mary e rawles the integumentary system in a j marshall ed 2012 biology and comparative physiology of birds vol 1 p 220 isbn 9781483263793 mcgraw kj beebee md hill ge parker rs august 2003 lutein based plumage coloration in songbirds is a consequence of selective pigment incorporation into feathers comparative biochemistry and physiology part b biochemistry molecular biology 135 4 689 96 doi 10 1016 s1096 4959 03 00164 7 pmid 12892761 gill victoria sold for a song the forest birds captured for their tuneful voices bbc news retrieved 31 december 2017 1 2 nih study provides clarity on supplements for protection against blinding eye disease us national eye institute national institutes of health bethesda md 5 may 2013 archived from the original on 15 august 2019 retrieved 10 august 2017 1 2 the areds formulation and age related macular degeneration us national eye institute national institutes of health bethesda md november 2011 archived from the original on 6 january 2015 retrieved 10 august 2017 liu r wang t zhang b et al 2014 lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation and association with visual function in age related macular degeneration invest ophthalmol vis sci 56 1 252 8 doi 10 1167 iovs 14 15553 pmid 25515572 wang x jiang c zhang y et al 2014 role of lutein supplementation in the management of age related macular degeneration meta analysis of randomized controlled trials ophthalmic res 52 4 198 205 doi 10 1159 000363327 pmid 25358528 s2cid 5055854 ma l dou hl wu yq et al 2012 lutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age related macular degeneration a systematic review and meta analysis br j nutr 107 3 350 9 doi 10 1017 s0007114511004260 pmid 21899805 1 2 evans jennifer r lawrenson john g 13 september 2023 antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age related macular degeneration the cochrane database of systematic reviews 2023 9 cd000254 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd000254 pub5 issn 1469 493x pmc 10498493 pmid 37702300 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lutein zeaxanthin content of selected foods micronutrient information center linus pauling institute oregon state university corvallis 2025 retrieved 28 december 2025 moeller sm voland r tinker l blodi ba klein ml gehrs km johnson ej snodderly dm wallace rb chappell rj parekh n ritenbaugh c mares ja 2008 associations between age related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the carotenoids in the age related eye disease study an ancillary study of the women s health initiative arch ophthalmol 126 3 354 64 doi 10 1001 archopht 126 3 354 pmc 2562026 pmid 18332316 barker fm 2010 dietary supplementation effects on visual performance and occurrence of amd and cataracts current medical research and opinion 26 8 2011 23 doi 10 1185 03007995 2010 494549 pmid 20590393 s2cid 206965363 liu xh yu rb liu r hao zx han cc zhu zh ma l 2014 association between lutein and zeaxanthin status and the risk of cataract a meta analysis nutrients 6 1 452 65 doi 10 3390 nu6010452 pmc 3916871 pmid 24451312 ma l hao zx liu rr yu rb shi q pan jp 2014 a dose response meta analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age related cataract graefes arch clin exp ophthalmol 252 1 63 70 doi 10 1007 s00417 013 2492 3 pmid 24150707 s2cid 13634941 chew ey sangiovanni jp ferris fl wong wt agron e clemons te sperduto r danis r chandra sr blodi ba domalpally a elman mj antoszyk an ruby aj orth d bressler sb fish ge hubbard gb klein ml friberg tr rosenfeld pj toth ca bernstein p 2013 lutein zeaxanthin for the treatment of age related cataract areds2 randomized trial report no 4 jama ophthalmol 131 7 843 50 doi 10 1001 jamaophthalmol 2013 4412 pmc 6774801 pmid 23645227 nhanes 2013 2014 survey results reported as what we eat in america seddon jm ajani ua sperduto rd november 1994 dietary carotenoids vitamins a c and e and advanced age related macular degeneration eye disease case control study group jama 272 18 1413 20 doi 10 1001 jama 272 18 1413 pmid 7933422 who fao codex alimen...