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day tamil nadu including madurai came under the rule of the kalabhra dynasty 41 which was ousted by the pandyas under kadunkon around 590 ce 42 43 by the 7th century ce madurai had become the primary capital of the pandyas as evidenced from the works of the bhakti period saints like appar and sambandar 27 28 29 the pandyas were ousted from madurai by the chola dynasty during the early 9th century the city was fought over between the cholas and the pandyas during the 12th century changing hands several times 44 until the early 13th century when the second pandyan empire was established with madurai as its capital 45 after the death of kulasekara pandian 1268 1308 ce madurai came under the rule of the delhi sultanate 45 the madurai sultanate then seceded from delhi and functioned as an independent kingdom until its gradual annexation by the vijayanagara empire in 1378 ce madurai became independent from vijayanagar in 1559 ce under the nayaks 46 nayak rule ended in 1736 ce and madurai was repeatedly captured several times by chanda sahib 1740 1754 ce arcot nawab and muhammed yusuf khan 1725 1764 ce in the middle of the 18th century 22 british rule edit in 1801 madurai came under the direct control of the british east india company and was annexed to the madras presidency 47 48 the british government made donations to the meenakshi temple and participated in the hindu festivals during the early part of their rule the city evolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger madurai district 49 in 1837 the fortifications around the temple were demolished by the british 50 the moat was drained and the debris was used to construct new streets veli marret and perumal maistry streets 51 the city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 under the town improvement act of 1865 52 the british government faced initial hiccups during the earlier period of the establishment of municipality in land ceiling and tax collection in madurai and dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government the city along with the district was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 ce and subsequently five municipalities were constituted in the two districts and six taluk boards were set up for local administration police stations were established in madurai city housing the headquarters of the district superintendent 53 contemporary and modern history edit it was in madurai in 1921 that mahatma gandhi pre eminent leader of indian nationalism in british ruled india first adopted the loin cloth as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it 54 leaders of the independence movement in madurai included n m r subbaraman 55 56 karumuttu thiagarajan chettiar and mohammad ismail sahib 57 the temple entry authorization and indemnity act passed by the government of madras presidency under c rajagopalachari in 1939 removed restrictions prohibiting shanars and dalits from entering hindu temples the temple entry movement was first led in madurai meenakshi temple by independence activist a vaidyanatha iyer in 1939 58 59 in 1971 the municipality of madurai was upgraded to a municipal corporation 60 in 2011 the corporation of madurai expanded the area of its jurisdiction from seventy two wards to one hundred wards an increase in area from 51 82 square kilometres 12 810 acres to 147 997 square kilometres 36 571 acres 60 architecture edit map of madurai showing core centre of the city and some important landmarks madurai is built around the koodal azhagar temple and the meenakshi temple which acted as the geographic and ritual centre of the ancient city of madurai the city is divided into a number of concentric quadrangular streets around the temple 61 viswanatha nayak 1529 64 ce the first madurai nayak king redesigned the city in accordance with the principles laid out by shilpa shastras sanskrit śilpa śāstra also anglicised as silpa sastra meaning rules of architecture which related to urban planning these squares retain their traditional names of aadi chittirai avani moola and masi streets corresponding to the tamil month names and also to the festivals associated 61 the temple prakarams outer precincts of a temple and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre the temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets 62 ancient tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets appearing liken a lotus and its petals 23 the city s axes were aligned with the four quarters of the compass and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it the wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets with the advent of british rule during the 19th century madurai became the headquarters of a large colonial political complex and an industrial town with urbanisation the social hierarchical classes became unified 61 geography and climate edit vaigai river in madurai the corporation of madurai has an area of 147 97 square kilometres or 57 13 square miles 63 madurai is located at 9 56 n 78 07 e 9 93 n 78 12 e 9 93 78 12 64 it has an average elevation of 134 metres the city of madurai lies on the flat and fertile plain of the river vaigai which runs in the northwest southeast direction through the city dividing it into two almost equal halves 65 the sirumalai and nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of madurai the land in and around madurai is utilised largely for agricultural activity which is fostered by the periyar dam 66 madurai lies southeast of the western ghats and the surrounding region occupies the plains of south india and contains several mountain spurs 67 the soil type in central madurai is predominantly clay loam while red loam and black cotton types are widely prevalent in the outer fringes of the city paddy is the major crop followed by pulses millet oil seed cotton and sugarcane 68 as is typical for tamil nadu madurai has a hot semi arid climate bsh although it borders closely upon a tropical savanna climate köppen aw as madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year cold winds are experienced during february and march as in the neighbouring dindigul the hottest months are from march to july the city experiences a moderate climate from august to october tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers and a slightly cooler climate from november to february fog and dew are rare occurring only during the winter season being equidistant from mountains and the sea it experiences similar monsoon pattern with the northeast monsoon and the southwest monsoon with the former providing more rain during october to december 69 the average annual rainfall for the madurai district is about 85 76 cm 70 temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of 42 c or 107 6 f and a minimum of 26 3 c or 79 3 f although temperatures up to 43 c or 109 4 f are not uncommon 71 winter temperatures range between 29 6 c or 85 3 f and 18 c or 64 4 f a study based on the data available with the indian meteorological department on madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over madurai city attributed to urbanisation growth of vehicles and industrial activity 71 the maximum temperature of 42 c or 107 6 f for the decade of 2001 to 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010 71 the average annual temperature ranges from 25 to 35 c 72 climate data for madurai 1991 2020 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 39 1 102 4 38 5 101 3 41 7 107 1 42 1 107 8 44 5 112 1 42 2 108 0 40 6 105 1 41 7 107 1 40 8 105 4 40 0 104 0 38 0 100 4 37 0 98 6 44 5 112 1 mean daily maximum c f 31 1 88 0 33 2 91 8 35 8 96 4 36 7 98 1 37 5 99 5 36 1 97 0 36 2 97 2 36 3 97 3 35 2 95 4 33 0 91 4 31 5 88 7 30 8 87 4 34 5 94 1 mean daily minimum c f 21 2 70 2 22 2 72 0 23 4 74 1 24 6 76 3 25 6 78 1 25 2 77 4 24 9 76 8 24 9 76 8 24 5 76 1 23 6 74 5 22 9 73 2 21 5 70 7 23 7 74 7 record low c f 15 6 60 1 14 5 58 1 16 9 62 4 19 4 66 9 17 8 64 0 17 8 64 0 19 4 66 9 20 5 68 9 18 5 65 3 18 9 66 0 17 2 63 0 16 7 62 1 14 5 58 1 average rainfall mm inches 4 3 0 17 4 3 0 17 12 4 0 49 47 4 1 87 58 1 2 29 39 1 1 54 38 0 1 50 55 1 2 17 85 7 3 37 142 7 5 62 135 8 5 35 49 3 1 94 672 2 26 46 average rainy days 0 5 0 3 0 5 2 3 3 1 2 6 2 1 3 5 4 7 7 4 6 2 3 5 36 6 average relative humidity 77 77 76 72 70 68 70 71 71 76 78 78 74 average ultraviolet index 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 7 source 1 indian meteorological department mean humidity 1981 2010 73 74 75 source 2 weather atlas 76 climate data for madurai international airport 1991 2020 month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 35 0 95 0 38 7 101 7 41 0 105 8 42 3 108 1 43 4 110 1 42 8 109 0 42 0 107 6 40 6 105 1 41 8 107 2 39 6 103 3 36 8 98 2 34 8 94 6 43 4 110 1 mean daily maximum c f 31 2 88 2 33 5 92 3 36 3 97 3 37 5 99 5 38 0 100 4 37 6 99 7 37 2 99 0 36 6 97 9 35 7 96 3 33 6 92 5 31 0 87 8 30 3 86 5 34 9 94 8 mean daily minimum c f 20 9 69 6 21 8 71 2 23 6 74 5 25 7 78 3 26 3 79 3 26 3 79 3 26 1 79 0 25 5 77 9 24 8 76 6 24 0 75 2 23 0 73 4 21 7 71 1 24 1 75 4 record low c f 15 0 59 0 14 6 58 3 16 8 62 2 20 0 68 0 20 7 69 3 21 2 70 2 20 1 68 2 19 5 67 1 19 8 67 6 19 4 66 9 16 9 62 4 15 5 59 9 14 6 58 3 average rainfall mm inches 9 8 0 39 4 4 0 17 15 0 0 59 66 9 2 63 80 7 3 18 40 7 1 60 46 1 1 81 92 9 3 66 107 0 4 21 181 1 7 13 146 3 5 76 52 4 2 06 843 3 33 20 average rainy days 0 8 0 8 0 9 3 4 4 1 2 4 2 7 4 9 6 3 9 4 7 4 3 5 46 6 average relative humidity 76 74 69 68 63 59 58 62 66 75 80 77 69 source indian meteorological department mean 77 madurai has been ranked 42nd best national clean air city under category 1 10l population cities in india 78 demographics edit historical population year pop p a 1837 35 400 1854 43 000 1 15 1862 50 000 1 90 1871 51 987 0 43 1881 73 807 3 57 1891 87 428 1 71 1901 105 984 1 94 1911 134 130 2 38 1921 138 894 0 35 1931 182 018 2 74 1941 239 144 2 77 1951 361 781 4 23 1961 458 981 2 41 1971 633 989 3 28 1981 820 891 2 62 1991 940 989 1 37 2001 928 869 0 13 2011 1 017 865 0 92 source 1837 1854 79 1862 80 1871 1891 81 1891 1901 82 1911 1941 83 1951 1981 84 1991 85 2001 86 2011 87 religion in madurai 2011 religion percent hinduism 85 83 islam 8 54 christianity 5 18 others 0 47 according to 2011 census based on pre expansion limits the area covered under the corporation of madurai had a population of 1 017 865 2 with a sex ratio of 999 females for every 1 000 males much above the national average of 929 88 a total of 100 324 were under the age of six constituting 51 485 males and 48 839 females scheduled castes and scheduled tribes accounted for 6 27 and 0 31 of the population respectively the average literacy of the city was 81 95 compared to the national average of 72 99 16 the urban agglomeration of madurai had a population of 1 465 625 89 and is the third largest in tamil nadu and the 31st in india 90 91 according to the religious census of 2011 madurai had 85 83 hindus 8 54 muslims 5 18 christians and 0 47 others 92 tamil is the main language and the standard dialect is the madurai tamil dialect and is spoken by 89 0 of the population 93 sourashtra is the largest minority language which is spoken by 5 4 of the population other significant minority languages include telugu 2 7 and urdu 1 5 94 roman catholics in madurai are affiliated with the roman catholic diocese of madurai 95 while protestants are affiliated with the madurai ramnad diocese of the church of south india 96 in 2001 slum dwellers comprise 32 6 per cent of the total population much higher than the national average of 15 05 per cent 97 98 the increase in growth rate to 50 per cent from 1971 to 1981 is due to the city s upgrade to a municipal corporation in 1974 and the subsequent inclusion of 13 panchayats into the corporation limits the decline in the population growth rate between 1981 and 2001 is due to the bifurcation of madurai district into two madurai and dindigul in 1984 and the subsequently of part of the city into the theni district in 1997 the compounded annual growth rate dropped from 4 10 per cent during 1971 81 to 1 27 per cent during 1991 2004 99 administration and politics edit municipal corporation officials mayor mrs indirani ponvasanth 100 commissioner visagan 101 deputy mayor seat vacant 102 members of legislative assembly madurai central p t r palanivel thiagarajan 103 madurai east p moorthy 103 madurai north g thalapathi 103 madurai south m boominathan 103 madurai west sellur k raju 103 thiruparankundram 104 v v rajan chellappa thirumangalam r b udhayakumar 103 members of parliament madurai s venkatesan 105 virudhunagar manicka tagore 106 front view of the corporation office the municipality of madurai was constituted on 1 november 1866 as per the town improvement act of 1865 52 the municipality was headed by a chairperson and elections were regularly conducted for the post except during the period 1891 to 1896 when no elections were held due to violent factionalism during the early years of independent india the madurai municipality was dominated by reformists of the indian national congress 107 madurai was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 1 may 1971 as per the madurai city municipal corporation act 1971 108 it is the second oldest municipal corporation in tamil nadu after chennai 109 the functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments general engineering revenue public health town planning and the computer wing all these departments are under the control of a municipal commissioner who is the supreme executive head 110 the legislative powers are vested in a body of 100 members one each from the 100 wards the legislative body is headed by an elected mayor assisted by a deputy mayor 111 the corporation received several awards in 2008 for implementing development works 112 the city of madurai is represented in the tamil nadu legislative assembly by six elected members one each for the madurai east madurai west madurai north madurai central madurai south and the thirupparankundram constituencies 113 most of madurai city comes under the madurai lok sabha constituency and elects a member to the lok sabha the lower house of the parliament of india once every five years 114 from 1957 the madurai parliament seat was held by the indian national congress seven times in the 1962 67 115 1971 77 116 1977 80 117 1980 84 118 1984 89 119 1989 91 120 and 1991 elections 121 the communist party of india marxist won the seat three times during 1967 71 122 1999 2004 123 and 2004 09 124 general elections the communist party of india 1957 61 125 tamil maanila congress moopanar 1996 98 126 janata party 1998 127 dravida munnetra kazhagam 2009 2014 128 and all ...