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magma chamber wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 dynamics of magma chambers 2 examples 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents magma chamber 38 languages العربية azərbaycanca català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego avañe ẽ עברית bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 한국어 lietuvių македонски bahasa melayu plattdüütsch nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål polski português русский simple english slovenčina slovenščina türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia accumulation of molten rock within the earth s crust 11 magma chamber a magma chamber is a large pool of liquid rock beneath the surface of the earth the molten rock or magma in such a chamber is less dense than the surrounding country rock which produces buoyant forces on the magma that tends to drive it upwards 1 if the magma finds a path to the surface then the result will be a volcanic eruption consequently many volcanoes are situated over magma chambers 2 these chambers are hard to detect deep within the earth and therefore most of those known are close to the surface commonly between 1 km and 10 km down 3 dynamics of magma chambers edit magma chambers above a subducting plate magma rises through cracks from beneath and across the crust because it is less dense than the surrounding rock when the magma cannot find a path upwards it pools into a magma chamber these chambers are commonly built up over time 4 5 by successive horizontal 6 or vertical 7 magma injections the influx of new magma causes reaction of pre existing crystals 8 and the pressure in the chamber to increase the residing magma starts to cool with the higher melting point components such as olivine crystallizing out of the solution particularly near to the cooler walls of the chamber and forming a denser conglomerate of minerals which sinks cumulative rock 9 upon cooling new mineral phases saturate and the rock type changes e g fractional crystallization typically forming 1 gabbro diorite tonalite and granite or 2 gabbro diorite syenite and granite if magma resides in a chamber for a long period then it can become stratified with lower density components rising to the top and denser materials sinking rocks accumulate in layers forming a layered intrusion 10 any subsequent eruption may produce distinctly layered deposits for example the deposits from the 79 ad eruption of mount vesuvius include a thick layer of white pumice from the upper portion of the magma chamber overlaid with a similar layer of grey pumice produced from material erupted later from lower in the chamber another effect of the cooling of the chamber is that the solidifying crystals will release the gas primarily steam previously dissolved when they were liquid causing the pressure in the chamber to rise possibly sufficiently to produce an eruption additionally the removal of the lower melting point components will tend to make the magma more viscous by increasing the concentration of silicates thus stratification of a magma chamber may result in an increase in the amount of gas within the magma near the top of the chamber 11 and also make this magma more viscous potentially leading to a more explosive eruption than would be the case had the chamber not become stratified supervolcano eruptions are possible only when an extraordinarily large magma chamber forms at a relatively shallow level in the crust however the rate of magma production in tectonic settings that produce supervolcanoes is quite low around 0 002 km 3 year 1 so that accumulation of sufficient magma for a supereruption takes 10 5 to 10 6 years this raises the question of why the buoyant silicic magma does not break through to the surface more frequently in relatively small eruptions the combination of regional extension which lowers the maximum attainable overpressure on the chamber roof and a large magma chamber with warm walls which has a high effective viscoelasticity may suppress rhyolite dike formation and allow such large chambers to fill with magma 12 if the magma is not vented to the surface in a volcanic eruption it will slowly cool and crystallize at depth to form an intrusive igneous body one for example composed of granite or gabbro see also pluton often a volcano may have a deep magma chamber many kilometers down which supplies a shallower chamber near the summit the location of magma chambers can be mapped using seismology seismic waves from earthquakes move more slowly through liquid rock than solid allowing measurements to pinpoint the regions of slow movement which identify magma chambers 13 as a volcano erupts surrounding rock will collapse into the emptying chamber if the chamber s size is reduced considerably the resulting depression at the surface can form a caldera 14 examples edit inside the thrihnukagigur magma chamber in iceland thrihnukagigur discovered in 1974 by cave explorer árni b stefánsson and opened for tourism in 2012 is the only volcano in the world where visitors can take an elevator and safely descend into the magma chamber 15 see also edit aquifer mogi model references edit philpotts anthony r ague jay j 2009 principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology 2nd ed cambridge uk cambridge university press pp 28 32 isbn 9780521880060 forensic probe of bali s great volcano eos 12 february 2019 retrieved 25 november 2020 dahren börje troll valentin r andersson ulf b chadwick jane p gardner màiri f jaxybulatov kairly koulakov ivan 1 april 2012 magma plumbing beneath anak krakatau volcano indonesia evidence for multiple magma storage regions contributions to mineralogy and petrology 163 4 631 651 bibcode 2012comp 163 631d doi 10 1007 s00410 011 0690 8 issn 1432 0967 s2cid 52064179 glazner a f bartley j m coleman d s gray w taylor z 2004 are plutons assembled over millions of years by amalgamation from small magma chambers gsa today 14 4 5 4 11 bibcode 2004gsat 14d 4g doi 10 1130 1052 5173 2004 014 0004 apaomo 2 0 co 2 leuthold julien 2012 time resolved construction of a bimodal laccolith torres del paine patagonia earth and planetary science letters 325 326 85 92 bibcode 2012e psl 325 85l doi 10 1016 j epsl 2012 01 032 leuthold julien müntener othmar baumgartner lukas putlitz benita 2014 petrological constraints on the recycling of mafic crystal mushes and intrusion of braided sills in the torres del paine mafic complex patagonia pdf journal of petrology 55 5 917 949 doi 10 1093 petrology egu011 hdl 20 500 11850 103136 allibon j ovtcharova m bussy f cosca m schaltegger u bussien d lewin e 2011 the lifetime of an ocean island volcano feeder zone constraints from u pb on coexisting zircon and baddeleyite and 40 ar 39 ar age determinations fuerteventura canary islands can j earth sci 48 2 567 592 doi 10 1139 e10 032 leuthold j blundy jd holness mb sides r 2014 successive episodes of reactive liquid flow through a layered intrusion unit 9 rum eastern layered intrusion scotland contrib mineral petrol 167 1 1021 bibcode 2014comp 168 1021l doi 10 1007 s00410 014 1021 7 s2cid 129584032 emeleus c h troll v r 1 august 2014 the rum igneous centre scotland mineralogical magazine 78 4 805 839 bibcode 2014minm 78 805e doi 10 1180 minmag 2014 078 4 04 issn 0026 461x mcbirney ar 1996 the skaergaard intrusion in cawthorn rg ed layered intrusions developments in petrology vol 15 pp 147 180 isbn 9780080535401 troll v r 1 february 2002 magma mixing and crustal recycling recorded in ternary feldspar from compositionally zoned peralkaline ignimbrite a gran canaria canary islands journal of petrology 43 2 243 270 doi 10 1093 petrology 43 2 243 issn 1460 2415 jellinek a mark depaolo donald j 1 july 2003 a model for the origin of large silicic magma chambers precursors of caldera forming eruptions bulletin of volcanology 65 5 363 381 bibcode 2003bvol 65 363j doi 10 1007 s00445 003 0277 y s2cid 44581563 cashman k v sparks r s j 2013 how volcanoes work a 25 year perspective geological society of america bulletin 125 5 6 664 bibcode 2013gsab 125 664c doi 10 1130 b30720 1 troll valentin r emeleus c henry donaldson colin h 1 november 2000 caldera formation in the rum central igneous complex scotland bulletin of volcanology 62 4 301 317 bibcode 2000bvol 62 301t doi 10 1007 s004450000099 issn 1432 0819 s2cid 128985944 anita isalska 13 march 2014 only in iceland descending into a volcano s magma chamber cnn com cnn retrieved 15 june 2016 v t e subterranea natural features types alcove ant colony aquifer burrow burrow fossil communal burrow paleoburrow cave glacier cave grotto ice cave lava cave lava tube pit cave show cave solutional cave talus cave cenote karst lava tree mold magma chamber maternity den nest bee pit crater rock shelter sinkhole subterranean fauna subterranean river subterranean waterfall underground lake volcanic pipe warren exemplars balve cave castellana caves hang sơn đoòng jewel cave national monument kazumura cave lechuguilla cave mammoth cave national park reed flute cave subterranean rivers of london veryovkina cave wind cave national park man made features types air raid shelter basement burial vault borehole bunker blast shelter catacombs casemate crypt mausoleum dungeon dugout shelter dry well earth shelter erdstall fallout shelter fogou foxhole hypogeum manhole mine missile launch facility passage grave quarry rock cut tomb root cellar tunnel utility vault underground city underground base underground hangar well wine cave subway system secret passage semi basement sewerage septic tank stepwell storm cellar smuggling tunnel spider hole ventilation shaft exemplars 816 nuclear military plant caves of maastricht the caves of ægissíða almadén mercury mines coober pedy cheyenne mountain complex chicago tunnel company derinkuyu houston tunnel system kaymakli kosvinsky kamen kőbánya cellar system kome caves underground city beijing underground city montreal underground great wall of china maginot line meymand mines of paris mustang caves mount yamantau mogao caves naples underground geothermal zone north american aerospace defense command raven rock mountain complex shanghai tunnels subterranean london subterranean toledo turda salt mines yaodong fictional features types hollow earth subterranean fiction exemplars allegory of the cave batcave greek underworld helheim hell journey to the center of the earth mictlan moria nome kingdom pellucidar tunnels in popular culture underdark underland narnia wonderland fictional country organisations american society of reclamation sciences bergamt cave research foundation history of hard rock miners organizations national mine map repository national mining association national speleological society grotto institute of materials minerals and mining institution of mining engineers international union of speleology research centre for deep drilling society of economic geologists southern african institute of mining and metallurgy related topics cave conservation cave dweller cave diving cave gate cave rescue cave painting caving civil defense troglodytae tunnel warfare tunnel network trench warfare underground construction tunnel construction underground living mine rescue mine exploration mining engineering mole people in fiction speleology subterranean warfare category commons manmade manrelated subterranea authority control databases gnd retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title magma_chamber oldid 1374573272 categories volcanology structural geology hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use dmy dates from july 2022 cs1 long volume value this page was last edited on 12 september 2026 at 21 44 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents magma chamber 38 languages add topic