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pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia writing system in north western india this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources mahajani news newspapers books scholar jstor january 2016 learn how and when to remove this message mahajani 𑅬𑅱𑅐𑅛𑅧𑅑 mahajani varnamala chart with the last two rows consisting of indic fraction symbols script type impure abjad 1 period 12th century present direction left to right region india pakistan languages hindi punjabi and marwari related scripts parent systems proto sinaitic alphabet phoenician alphabet aramaic alphabet brāhmī gupta śāradā landa mahajani sister systems gurmukhi khudabadi khojki multani iso 15924 iso 15924 mahj 314 mahajani unicode unicode alias mahajani unicode range u 11150 u 1117f final accepted script proposal this article contains indic text without proper rendering support you may see question marks or boxes misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of indic text brahmic scripts the brahmi script and its descendants northern brahmic gupta śāradā laṇḍā scripts gurmukhī khojkī khudābādī multānī mahājanī laṅgaṛī bhaṭṭākharī tākri scripts chambeali tākri sirmauri tākri jaunsari tākri mahasu tākri mandeali tākri ḍōgarā sāṁcā scripts pābūcī bhaṭṭākṣarī paṇḍwāṇī candwāṇī bāgoī siddhaṃ nāgarī scripts devanāgarī gujarātī mōḍī gunjala gōṇḍī nandināgarī konkannāgarī kaithī síloṭi nāgarī kāmarūpī ôxômiya traditional gaudi bengali assamese bānglā ôxômiya standard tirhutā oṛiā nepalese scripts prachalit pāchūmōl hiṁmōl kuṁmōl bhujimōl golmōl kveṁmōl litumōl rañjanā soyombo tibetan üchen umê jôyig meitei róng limbu khēmā ʼphags pa zanabazar square marchen marchung pungs chen pungs chung drusha tamyig kalinga bhaikṣukī tocharian southern brahmic bhaṭṭiprōlu box headed script kadaṁba telugu kannada kannaḍa goykānaḍī telugu tamil brahmi vaṭṭeḻuttu koleḻuttŭ malayāṇma pallava tamiḻ grantha tigalari malayalam malayāḷam tigaḷāri thirke dhivēs akuru saurāṣṭra siṁhala khmer khom thai proto tai script sukhothai thai fakkham thai noi lao tai viet dai don lai tay lai pao cham kawi balinese batak buda javanese old sundanese sundanese lontara makasar ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai baybayin buhid hanunoo tagbanwa kulitan mon burmese burmese western pwo karen s gaw karen shan tanchangya lik tai scripts ahom khamti tai le modern mon chakma tai tham new tai lue pyu v t e mahajani is a laṇḍā mercantile script that was historically used in northern india for writing accounts and financial records in marwari hindi and punjabi 2 it is a brahmic script and is written left to right mahajani refers to the hindi word for bankers or moneylenders also known as sarrafi or kothival merchant names edit there are various names for the script based upon region such as marwari sarafi rajasthani baniaie landa or mudia modiya 3 4 history edit mahajani has been used as a primary accounting script for marwari traders and for the use of hindi and punjabi in a wide region across northwest india and eastern pakistan it was taught in merchant schools as part of the education system a vast majority of documents in which it is found are financial documents in addition to primers its use has been reported by bookkeepers in haryana as the langdi script although its relationship with langdi is uncertain mahajani descended from landa scripts in the greater punjab region in historic times and was well known as a merchant s script throughout north india it may have also been influenced by kaithi and devanagari 2 the script was promoted by the colonial military establishment 5 characters edit the word mahajani written in mahajani script long and short vowels are not distinguished a mahajani alphabet chart with some alternate characters forms it has fewer vowels than most north indian scripts and the use of them is optional the vowels i and u can represent both their short and long forms in addition to diphthongs and related vowels since vowels are optional they must be interpreted in context for most mahajani texts there are no special conjunct consonant forms and there are no viramas to indicate them nasalization if indicated is typically represented by na it also has various fraction marks accounting marks and textual organization marks to indicate paragraph and word spacing and abbreviation punctuation and space marks as many mahajani texts are accounting books accounting symbols have been found but they are undergoing further research for proper encoding it also uses a devanagari like baseline only to mark title headings on texts not like in devanagari where the baseline is an integral part of the characters some characters also have glyphic variants which can be found in greater detail in the unicode proposal vowels edit 𑅐 a ā ipa ɐ ɑː 𑅑 i ī ipa i iː 𑅒 u ū ipa u uː 𑅓 e ē ai ipa eː ɑj 𑅔 o ō au ipa oː ɑw consonants edit 𑅕 ka ipa k 𑅖 kha ipa kʰ 𑅗 ga ipa ɡ 𑅘 gha ipa ɡʱ 𑅙 ca ipa tʃ 𑅚 cha ipa tʃʰ 𑅛 ja ipa dʒ 𑅜 jha ipa dʒʱ 𑅝 ña ipa ɲ 𑅞 ṭa ipa ʈ 𑅟 ṭha ipa ʈʰ 𑅠 ḍa ipa ɖ 𑅡 ḍha ipa ɖʱ 𑅢 ṇa ipa ɳ 𑅣 ta ipa t̪ 𑅤 tha ipa t̪ʰ 𑅥 da ipa d̪ 𑅦 dha ipa d̪ʱ 𑅧 na ipa n 𑅨 pa ipa p 𑅩 pha ipa pʰ 𑅪 ba ipa b 𑅫 bha ipa bʱ 𑅬 ma ipa m 𑅭 ra ipa r 𑅮 la ipa l 𑅯 va ipa ʋ 𑅰 sa ipa s 𑅱 ha ipa ɦ unicode edit main article mahajani unicode block mahajani script was added to the unicode standard in june 2014 with the release of version 7 0 the unicode block for mahajani is u 11150 u 1117f mahajani 1 2 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 1115x 𑅐 𑅑 𑅒 𑅓 𑅔 𑅕 𑅖 𑅗 𑅘 𑅙 𑅚 𑅛 𑅜 𑅝 𑅞 𑅟 u 1116x 𑅠 𑅡 𑅢 𑅣 𑅤 𑅥 𑅦 𑅧 𑅨 𑅩 𑅪 𑅫 𑅬 𑅭 𑅮 𑅯 u 1117x 𑅰 𑅱 𑅲 𑅳 𑅶 notes 1 as of unicode version 18 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points references edit proposal to encode the mahajani script in iso iec 10646 pdf archived from the original pdf on 2013 08 19 1 2 pandey anshuman 2011 07 12 n4126 proposal to encode the mahajani script in iso iec 10646 pdf working group document iso iec jtc1 sc2 wg2 inflibnet centre https epgp inflibnet ac in epgpdata uploads epgp_content s000016fs p000695 m006293 et 1516250519fsc_p8_m26_e text pdf mahajani script which is also known as marwari sarafi rajasthani baniaie landa or mudia is mainly used by the business people in the business transaction cite web missing or empty title help sarna jasbir singh 6 march 2022 major scripts of the world punjab news express retrieved 12 june 2025 apart from the above scripts there has been a lot of use of sharda takri mahajani or lande script among the traders of punjab the script was free of clutter and unattractive it is also called sarafi or mahajani akhar the same script was used in the hill valleys and in the punjab pandit gauri shankar has evaluated about a hundred merchant scripts in india in punjab sarafi mahajani khoja arora lamma vasi multani bahawalpuri prachi uchhi rohri sindhi sarika thali and kirki etc are used in various accounts this is the modified form of all landis takri is similar to landis the only difference is that takri is a perverted form of sharda and gurmukhi landiya s modified form anushree anubha 8 september 2023 rethinking india s manuscript practices as official policy undervalues its rich heritage the wire retrieved 11 june 2025 mahajani was promoted by the colonial military and was widely used to record day to day transactions in various parts of western and northern india further reading edit lal lala gangadas munsi mahajani sara hissaavvala va doyama in hindi delhi lal shri 1875 mahajan sara in hindi v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca roman other sitelen pona semi syllabaries full linear elamite celtiberian iberian northeastern southeastern khom dunging redundant espanca script pahawh hmong khitan small script southwest paleohispanic bopomofo quốc âm tân tự sign languages aslwrite signwriting si5s stokoe notation syllabaries afaka bamum bété byblos canadian aboriginal cherokee cypriot cypro minoan ditema tsa dinoko eskayan geba great lakes algonquian iban idu kana hiragana katakana man yōgana hentaigana sōgana jindai moji kikakui kpelle linear b linear elamite lisu loma nüshu nwagu aneke script old persian cuneiform sumerian vai woleai yi yugtun v t e braille braille cell 1829 braille international uniformity ascii braille unicode braille patterns braille scripts french ordered albanian cantonese catalan chinese mainland mandarin largely reassigned czech dutch 6 dot 8 dot english unified english esperanto french german ghanaian guarani hawaiian hungarian iñupiaq ipa irish italian latvian lithuanian luxembourgish extended to 8 dot maltese māori navajo nigerian philippine polish portuguese romanian samoan slovak south african spanish taiwanese mandarin largely reassigned turkish azerbaijani vietnamese welsh yugoslav zambian nordic family estonian faroese icelandic scandinavian danish finnish greenlandic northern sámi norwegian swedish russian lineage family i e cyrillic mediated scripts belarusian bulgarian kazakh kyrgyz mongolian russian tatar ukrainian egyptian lineage family i e arabic mediated scripts arabic persian urdu pakistan indian lineage family i e bharati braille devanagari hindi marathi nepali bengali bangla assamese gujarati kannada malayalam odia punjabi sinhala tamil telugu urdu india other scripts amharic armenian burmese dzongkha bhutanese georgian greek hebrew inuktitut reassigned vowels khmer thai and lao japanese vowels tibetan reordered algerian braille obsolete frequency based american braille obsolete independent chinese semi syllabaries cantonese mainland chinese mandarin taiwanese mandarin two cell chinese shuangpin japanese korean eight dot dutch luxembourgish kanji gardner salinas braille codes gs8 symbols in braille braille music canadian currency marks computer braille code gardner salinas braille codes science gs8 gs6 international phonetic alphabet ipa nemeth braille code braille technology braille e book braille embosser braille translator braille watch mountbatten brailler optical braille recognition perforation perkins brailler refreshable braille display slate and stylus braigo people louis braille charles barbier róża czacka valentin haüy harris mowbray thakur vishva narain singh maría del carmen ortiz de arce sabriye tenberken william bell wait organisations braille institute of america braille without borders japan braille library national braille association blindness organizations schools for the blind american printing house for the blind other tactile alphabets decapoint moon type new york point night writing vibratese related topics accessible publishing braille literacy robobraille authority control databases national united states israel retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title mahajani oldid 1363015004 categories punjabi language obsolete writing systems history of accounting hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from january 2016 all articles needing additional references scripts with iso 15924 four letter 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