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Text of the page (random words):
used in single syllable words only ᠣ ᠋ ᡠ ᡠ ᡠ ᡠ u u the dotless medial form is used after k g h d t the bow less final form is used in single syllable words only ᡠ ᠋ dotted ᠣ ᠋ ᡡ ᡡ ᡡ ᡡ ū uu v ʊ denotes u after k qʰ g q h χ ᡟ ᡟ ᡟ ᡟ y y i ɨ used in chinese loanwords ᡳᠣᡳ ᡳᠣᡳ ᡳᠣᡳ ᡳᠣᡳ ioi y used in chinese loanwords consonants 14 15 16 ᠨ ᠨ ᠨ ᠋ ᠨ n n the dotted form is used before vowels undotted form before consonants a dotted final form is used in some words of chinese origin ᠨ ᠩ ᠩ ᠩ ng ŋ the medial form is used before consonants ᡴ ᡴ ᡴ ᡴ k qʰ the undotted medial form is used before a o ū dotted form before consonants ᡴ ᠋ ᢉ ᡴ ᠌ ᡴ ᠋ k kʰ initial and medial forms are used before e i u ᡤ ᡤ ᡤ g q used before a o ū ᡤ᠋ ᡤ᠋ g k used before e i u ᡥ ᡥ ᡥ h χ used before a o ū h x used before e i u ᠪ ᠪ ᠪ ᠪ b p ᡦ ᡦ ᡦ p pʰ ᠰ ᠰ ᠰ ᠰ s s ɕ before i ᡧ ᡧ ᡧ š ʃ ɕ before i ᡨ ᡨ ᠋ ᡨ ᠋ t tʰ used before a o ū i ᡨ ᠌ ᡨ medial form is used before consonants ᡨ ᠌ ᡨ ᠍ used before e u ᡩ ᡩ ᡩ ᠋ d t used before a o ū i ᡩ ᠋ ᡩ used before e u ᠯ ᠯ ᠯ ᠯ l l initial and final forms usually exist in foreign words ᠮ ᠮ ᠮ ᠮ m m ᠴ ᠴ ᠴ c ch č q t͡ʃʰ t͡ɕʰ before i ᠵ ᠵ ᠵ j zh ž t͡ʃ t͡ɕ before i ᠶ ᠶ ᠶ ᠋ y j ᠷ ᡵ ᡵ ᡵ r r initial and final forms exist mostly in foreign words ᡶ ᡶ ᡶ f f first initial and medial forms are used before a e second initial and medial forms are used before i o u ū ᡶ ᠋ ᡶ ᠋ ᠸ ᠸ ᠸ v w w v ᠺ ᠺ ᠺ k kk k k kʰ used for chinese k kʰ used before a o ᡬ ᡬ ᡬ g gg ǵ g k used for chinese g k used before a o ᡭ ᡭ ᡭ h hh h́ h x used in chinese h x used before a o ᡮ ᡮ ᡮ ts c ts c tsʰ used in chinese c t͡sʰ ᡯ ᡯ ᡯ ᡯ dz z dz z t͡s used in chinese z t͡s ᡰ ᡰ ᡰ ž rr ž r ʐ used in chinese r ʐ ᡱ ᡱ ᡱ c ch c c tʂʰ used in chinese ch tʂʰ and chi c y tʂʰɨ ᡷ ᡷ ᡷ j zh j̊ j tʂ used in chinese zh tʂ and zhi j y tʂɨ method of teaching edit despite its alphabetic nature the manchu alphabet was traditionally taught as a syllabary to reflect its phonotactics manchu children were taught to memorize the shapes of all the syllables in the language separately as they learned to write 17 and say right away la lo etc instead of saying l a la l o lo etc as a result the syllables contained in their syllabary do not contain all possible combinations that can be formed with their letters they made for instance no such use of the consonants l m n and r as english hence if the manchu letters s m a r and t were joined in that order a manchu would not pronounce them as smart 18 today it is still divided among experts on whether the manchu script is alphabetic or syllabic in china it is considered syllabic and manchu is still taught in this manner while in the west it is treated like an alphabet the alphabetic approach is used mainly by foreigners who want to learn the language as studying the manchu script as a syllabary takes longer 19 20 twelve uju edit the syllables in manchu are divided into twelve categories called uju literally head based on their syllabic codas final phonemes 21 22 23 here lists the names of the twelve uju in their traditional order a ai ar an ang ak as at ab ao al am each uju contains syllables ending in the coda of its name hence manchu only allows nine final consonants for its closed syllables otherwise a syllable is open with a monophthong a uju or a diphthong ai uju and ao uju the syllables in an uju are further sorted and grouped into three or two according to their similarities in pronunciation and shape for example a uju arranges its 131 licit syllables in the following order a e i o u ū na ne ni no nu nū ka ga ha ko go ho kū gū hū ba be bi bo bu bū pa pe pi po pu pū sa se si so su sū ša še ši šo šu šū ta da te de ti di to do tu du la le li lo lu lū ma me mi mo mu mū ca ce ci co cu cū ja je ji jo ju jū ya ye yo yu yū ke ge he ki gi hi ku gu hu k a g a h a k o g o h o ra re ri ro ru rū fa fe fi fo fu fū wa we ts a ts e ts ts o ts u dza dze dzi dzo dzu ža že ži žo žu sy c y jy in general while syllables in the same row resemble each other phonetically and visually syllables in the same group as the semicolons separate bear greater similarities punctuation edit the manchu alphabet has two kinds of punctuation two dots analogous to a period and one dot analogous to a comma however with the exception of lists of nouns being reliably punctuated by single dots punctuation in manchu is inconsistent and therefore not of much use as an aid to readability 24 the equivalent of the question mark in manchu script consists of some special particles written at the end of the question 25 flaws edit the manchu script was created by referencing mongolian script letters although the old manchu script underwent reforms and improvements to form the new manchu script it still inherited a series of flaws from the old uyghur style mongolian script for instance the writing of letters varies depending on their position at the beginning middle or end of a word and the distinguishability between letters is low to learn manchu one must first study the twelve syllable sets a syllabary and memorize the shapes of all syllables in the language separately which increases the learning burden due to the varied directions of the tooth like structures in manchu script some letters have tail forms that extend to the left while others extend to the right in their word final forms this results in wider line spacing occupying more space and increasing paper usage 26 for example in ancient books from the qing dynasty such as the pentaglot dictionary the manchu and mongolian sections with the manchu section in the imperially compiled augmented manchu chinese dictionary 御制增订清文鉴 occupying a larger portion of the page space demonstrate this issue 27 unicode edit the manchu alphabet is included in the unicode block for mongolian mongolian 1 2 3 official unicode consortium code chart pdf 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f u 180x fvs 1 fvs 2 fvs 3 mvs fvs 4 u 181x ᠐ ᠑ ᠒ ᠓ ᠔ ᠕ ᠖ ᠗ ᠘ ᠙ u 182x ᠠ ᠡ ᠢ ᠣ ᠤ ᠥ ᠦ ᠧ ᠨ ᠩ ᠪ ᠫ ᠬ ᠭ ᠮ ᠯ u 183x ᠰ ᠱ ᠲ ᠳ ᠴ ᠵ ᠶ ᠷ ᠸ ᠹ ᠺ ᠻ ᠼ ᠽ ᠾ ᠿ u 184x ᡀ ᡁ ᡂ ᡃ ᡄ ᡅ ᡆ ᡇ ᡈ ᡉ ᡊ ᡋ ᡌ ᡍ ᡎ ᡏ u 185x ᡐ ᡑ ᡒ ᡓ ᡔ ᡕ ᡖ ᡗ ᡘ ᡙ ᡚ ᡛ ᡜ ᡝ ᡞ ᡟ u 186x ᡠ ᡡ ᡢ ᡣ ᡤ ᡥ ᡦ ᡧ ᡨ ᡩ ᡪ ᡫ ᡬ ᡭ ᡮ ᡯ u 187x ᡰ ᡱ ᡲ ᡳ ᡴ ᡵ ᡶ ᡷ ᡸ u 188x ᢀ ᢁ ᢂ ᢃ ᢄ ᢅ ᢆ ᢇ ᢈ ᢉ ᢊ ᢋ ᢌ ᢍ ᢎ ᢏ u 189x ᢐ ᢑ ᢒ ᢓ ᢔ ᢕ ᢖ ᢗ ᢘ ᢙ ᢚ ᢛ ᢜ ᢝ ᢞ ᢟ u 18ax ᢠ ᢡ ᢢ ᢣ ᢤ ᢥ ᢦ ᢧ ᢨ ᢩ ᢪ notes 1 as of unicode version 18 0 2 grey areas indicate non assigned code points 3 the unicode presentation form of u 1824 mongolian letter u is u 1824 fvs1 ᠤ᠋ second isolate form to distinguish it from the visually identical u 1823 mongolian letter o for the same reason the unicode presentation form of u 1826 mongolian letter ue is u 1826 fvs2 ᠦ᠌ third isolate form 28 see document n4752r2 see also edit mongolian script transliterations of manchu clear script references edit 1 2 wilbourne emily cusick suzanne g 2021 01 19 acoustemologies in contact sounding subjects and modes of listening in early modernity open book publishers isbn 978 1 80064 038 2 manchu its alphabet developed in 1599 from the mongolian alphabet which can be traced through old uyghur aramaic and syriac scripts all the way back to phoenician the fountainhead of all alphabets houston stephen d 2004 12 09 the first writing script invention as history and process cambridge university press p 59 isbn 978 0 521 83861 0 the aramaic uyghur script which was likewise largely alphabetized inspired the mongolian alphabet and it in turn provided the basis for the manchu alphabet created in ad 1599 theobald ulrich qing period money www chinaknowledge de www chinaknowledge de retrieved 2023 09 16 gorelova 2002 p 50 gorelova 2002 pp 71 72 gorelova 2002 p 72 li 2000 p 370 manchu transliteration of chinese syllables some chinese syllables are transliterated in different ways there may be additional versions to those listed below w g stands for wade giles li 2000 p 294 f transliteration of chinese words and compounds though most chinese words in manchu are easily recognizable to students familiar with chinese it is helpful to remember the most important rules that govern the transliteration of chinese words into manchu salmon claudine ed 2013 literary migrations traditional chinese fiction in asia 17th 20th centuries nalanda sriwijaya series vol 19 reprint ed institute of southeast asian studies p 102 isbn 978 981 4414 32 6 daniels bright 1996 p 551 gorelova 2002 p 59 li 2010 pp 23 27 gorelova 2002 p 53 daniels bright 1996 pp 551 552 gorelova 2002 p 70 li 2010 pp 24 27 saarela mårten söderblom 2014 the manchu script and information management some aspects of qing china s great encounter with alphabetic literacy in elman benjamin a ed rethinking east asian languages vernaculars and literacies 1000 1919 brill p 169 isbn 978 90 04 27927 8 meadows thomas taylor 1849 translations from the manchu with the original texts prefaced by an essay on the language canton press of s wells williams pp 3 li 2000 p 16 alphabet some scholars consider the manchu script to be a syllabic one li 2010 p 16 alphabet some scholars consider the manchu script to be a syllabic one others see it as having an alphabet with individual letters some of which differ according to their position within a word thus whereas denis sinor urged in favor of a syllabic theory louis ligeti preferred to consider the manchu script an alphabetical one translation of the ts ing wan k e mung a chinese grammar of the manchu tartar language with introductory notes on manchu literature translated by wylie a shanghae london mission press 1855 pp xxvii shou p ing wu ko 1855 translation by a wylie of the ts ing wan k e mung a chinese grammar of the manchu tartar language by woo kĭh show ping revised and ed by ching ming yuen pei ho with intr notes on manchu literature shanghae london mission press pp xxvii hummel arthur w sr ed 1943 dahai eminent chinese of the ch ing period united states government printing office li 2000 p 21 gorelova 2002 p 74 manchu alphabet and language www omniglot com retrieved 2026 04 19 御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 浙江大学图书馆 cite book cs1 maint others link batjargal biligsaikhan khaltarkhuu garmaabazar fuminori kimura maeda akira 2011 a study of traditional mongolian script encodings and rendering use of unicode in opentype fonts pdf international journal on asian language processing 21 1 33 retrieved 1 october 2025 bibliography edit daniels peter t bright william 1996 the world s writing systems oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 507993 7 gorelova liliya m 2002 manchu grammar brill isbn 90 04 12307 5 li gertraude roth 2000 manchu a textbook for reading documents university of hawaii press isbn 0 8248 2206 4 li gertraude roth 2010 manchu a textbook for reading documents second ed national foreign language resource center isbn 978 0 9800459 5 6 saarela marten soderblom 2020 the early modern travels of manchu a script and its study in east asia and europe university of pennsylvania press isbn 978 0 8122 9693 8 external links edit wikibooks has a book on the topic of manchu abkai unicode manchu sibe daur fonts and keyboards archived 2016 09 14 at the wayback machine manchu alphabet manchu script generator romanization manchu script also for download archived 2023 01 27 at the wayback machine manchufont an opentype font for manchu writing jurchen script v t e types of writing systems overview history of writing grapheme lists writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed languages by writing system by first written accounts types abjads numerals aramaic hatran arabic elifba egyptian hieroglyphs elymaic hebrew ashuri cursive rashi solitreo tifinagh mandaic manichaean nabataean ancient north arabian paleo hebrew pahlavi book inscriptional inscriptional parthian psalter pegon phoenician pitman shorthand proto sinaitic punic samaritan south arabian zabur musnad sogdian syriac ʾesṭrangēlā serṭā maḏnḥāyā teeline shorthand ugaritic abugidas brahmic northern bengali assamese bhaiksuki brahmi script devanagari dogri gujarati gupta gurmukhi kaithi kalinga khema khojki khudabadi laṇḍā lepcha mahajani marchen meitei modi multani nagari nandinagari nepalese scripts bhujimol golmol himmol kummol kvemmol kurukh pachumol newar ranjana tamyig tirhuta limbu litumol odia karani ʼphags pa sharada siddhaṃ soyombo sylheti nagri takri tibetan uchen umê tocharian zanabazar square southern ahom balinese batak baybayin bhattiprolu buda buhid chakma cham fakkham grantha goykanadi hanunoo javanese kadamba kannada karen kawi khmer khom thai kulitan lanna langdi lao leke lontara bilang bilang makasar malayalam old maldivian dhives akuru eveyla akuru mon burmese pallava pyu saurashtra shan sinhala sukhothai sundanese old sundanese tagbanwa tai le new tai lue tai noi tai tham tai viet lai tay tamil tamil brahmi tanchangya telugu thai tigalari ulu scripts incung lampung lembak ogan pasemah rejang serawai vatteluttu kolezhuthu malayanma others bharati boyd s syllabic shorthand canadian syllabics blackfoot déné syllabics dham fox i geʽez gunjala gondi japanese braille sarati jenticha kharosthi mandombe masaram gondi meroitic miao mwangwego pahawh hmong sorang sompeng tengwar thaana thomas natural shorthand warang citi rma alphabets linear adlam ariyaka armenian avestan pazend avoiuli bassa vah carian caucasian albanian cirth coelbren coorgi cox alphabet coptic cyrillic serbian early deseret duployan shorthand chinook eclectic shorthand elbasan enochian etruscan formosan fox ii franklin s phonetic fraser gabelsberger shorthand gadabuursi garay alphabet georgian asomtavruli nuskhuri mkhedruli veso bey glagolitic gothic gregg shorthand greek archaic greco iberian alphabet hangul hanifi hurûf ı munfasıla sunuwar kaddare kayah li klingon latin beneventan blackletter carolingian minuscule fraktur gaelic insular ipa kurrent merovingian sigla sütterlin tironian notes visigothic luo lycian lydian manchu medefaidrin mru mundari bani n ko ogham ol chiki old italic old permic orkhon yenisei old hungarian old uyghur mongolian evenki galik alphabet manchu oirat vagindra ol onal osage osmanya pau cin hau phrygian pisidian runic anglo saxon cipher dalecarlian elder futhark younger futhark gothic marcomannic medieval staveless shavian sidetic sorang sompeng sunuwar tifinagh todhri tolong siki vellara visible speech vithkuqi wancho warang citi yezidi zaghawa non linear braille flag semaphore maritime flags moon type new york point fingerspelling telegraph code ideograms adinkra aztec blissymbols dongba ersu shaba emoji isotype kaidā miꞌkmaw mixtec new epoch notation painting nsibidi anishinaabewibii iganan olmec siglas poveiras testerian yerkish zapotec logograms chinese family of scripts chinese characters simplified traditional oracle bone script bronze scripts seal script large small bird worm hanja kanji chữ nôm sawndip bowen chinese influenced jurchen khitan large script sui tangut cuneiform akkadian assyrian elamite hittite luwian sumerian other logosyllabic anatolian bagam cretan isthmian maya proto elamite tenevil wiigwaasabak yi classical logoconsonantal demotic hieratic hieroglyphs numerals hindu arabic abjad attic greek muisca 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