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manitoba escarpment wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 geography 3 geology 4 ecology 5 see also 6 references toggle the table of contents manitoba escarpment 1 language українська edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia range of hills in saskatchewan and manitoba canada riding mountain duck mountain porcupine hills pasquia hills a map showing the hills and mountains that comprise the manitoba escarpment the manitoba escarpment or the western manitoba uplands are a range of hills along the saskatchewan manitoba border 1 the eastern slopes of the range are considered to be a scarp they were created by glacial scouring and formed the western shore of prehistoric lake agassiz history edit the region was inhabited by several different aboriginal tribes before europeans arrived including swampy cree plains cree assiniboine and saulteaux the geography of the hills helped to demarcate the boundaries of the land controlled by different tribes and the river valleys provided trade routes the first european to explore the region was henry kelsey who travelled with a group of cree traders from york fort to the red deer river to encourage the aboriginal people there to trade with the hudson s bay company throughout the 18th and 19th centuries the fur trade brought many europeans to the region who established trading posts and communities in the 1890s the canadian northern railway built a line on the east side of the escarpment which was eventually terminated in the red deer river valley at erwood in 1900 the building of this railroad led to the establishment of the forestry industry in this region which overtook trapping as the main economic sector of the region throughout the 20th century people began immigrating to the region to farm on the east and west sides of the range and also in the river valleys in western canada it was common for settlers to arrange themselves by ethnicity to form block settlements and in this area most settlers were ukrainian russian or polish 2 geography edit an early map of lake agassiz by geologist warren upham which shows the hills and mountains comprising the manitoba escarpment the map also shows lake saskatchewan and lake souris which created the northern and southern boundaries of the range to the east of the range lie the manitoba lowlands which consist of many interconnected lakes including lake winnipegosis dauphin lake and lake manitoba the lakes in this lowland region with the largest being lake winnipeg are the last remnants of lake agassiz to the north lies the saskatchewan river and its associated lowlands which were once covered by prehistoric lake saskatchewan which may have been a bay off of lake agassiz to the west lies aspen parkland which was a sparse deciduous forest until the 20th century but today has been cleared to make way for farmland 3 to the south lies the assiniboine and souris river valleys which were once covered by lake souris which may have been a bay off of lake agassiz south of this valley is the pembina escarpment which also formed part of the shores of lake agassiz the range is intersected by three rivers whose valleys divide the range into four distinct sets of hills the red deer river separates the pasquia hills and the porcupine hills the swan river separates the porcupine hills and the duck mountains the valley river separates the duck mountains and the riding mountains geology edit the final form of the escarpment was not created until the end of the last ice age between 9 000 and 10 000 years ago during the ice age much of north america was covered by the laurentide ice sheet as the ice sheet began to melt and recede the meltwaters became trapped between the higher elevated land to the west and the remaining portion of the ice sheet to the east which steepened the slopes of the escarpment to give it the form it has today 4 5 6 the pasquia and porcupine hills and the duck and riding mountains did already exist before the ice age but it was after the ice age that the eastern slopes were steepened into an escarpment 5 6 ecology edit the forests of the hills are mixed and consist of mainly aspen poplar spruce and fir clusters of white birch are also prevalent drier parts of the hills contain jack pines while wetter parts contain tamarack a dense layer of shrubs and herbs exists below the trees and the forest floor is covered by mosses ferns and grass 7 the isolated nature of these hills means that many rare plant species can be found here for example the hudson bay sk area has at least 6 species of rare violets and 21 species of rare orchids 8 9 see also edit asessippi ski area built on the escarpment list of escarpments references edit thorpe jeff february 2014 rangeland classification for agri manitoba pdf saskatchewan research council environment division retrieved october 27 2019 hudson bay district cultural society 1982 valley echoes life along the red deer river basin winnipeg manitoba inter collegiate press secoy diane 2007 ecozones and ecoregions canadian plains research center retrieved october 27 2019 permanent dead link lake agassiz the canadian encyclopedia www thecanadianencyclopedia ca retrieved 2019 10 29 1 2 rayburn john september 1997 correlation of the campbell strandlines along the northwestern margin of glacial lake agassiz pdf collections canada pdf university of manitoba retrieved october 28 2019 1 2 teller j t thorleifson l h matile g brisbin w c 1996 sedimentology geomorphology and history of the central lake agassiz basin pdf manitoba s mineral resources geological association of canada retrieved october 28 2019 smith r e veldhuis h mills g f eilers r g fraser w r lelyk g w 1998 terrestrial ecozones ecoregions and ecodistricts of manitoba pdf agriculture and agri food canada retrieved november 2 2019 flora fauna town of hudson bay web site www townofhudsonbay com retrieved 2019 11 03 permanent dead link hooper d f field checklist of rare saskatchewan plants of the hudson bay area pdf archived from the original pdf on april 11 2017 retrieved november 3 2019 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title manitoba_escarpment oldid 1375152709 categories landforms of manitoba landforms of saskatchewan escarpments of canada hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from august 2025 articles with permanently dead external links this page was last edited on 16 september 2026 at 03 00 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents manitoba escarpment 1 language add topic