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Text of the page (random words):
at planned for gemini nascom lines would have to be augmented to meet these requirements the msfn used a combination of resources a jet propulsion laboratory jpl system called unified s band or usb was selected for apollo communications which allowed tracking ranging telemetry and voice to all use the same s band transmitter near earth tracking was provided by upgrading the same networks used for mercury and gemini new large antennas for the lunar phase were constructed explicitly for the msfn with deep space network dsn large antennas used for backup and critical mission phases dsn support during apollo edit although normally tasked with tracking uncrewed spacecraft the deep space network dsn also contributed to the communication and tracking of apollo missions to the moon 7 although primary responsibility remained with the manned space flight network msfn the dsn designed the msfn stations for lunar communication and provided a second antenna at each msfn site the msfn sites were near the dsn sites for just this reason two antennas at each site were needed since the beam widths which the large antennas required were too small to encompass both the lunar orbiter and the lander at the same time dsn also supplied some larger antennas as needed in particular for television broadcasts from the moon and emergency communications such as apollo 13 1 from a nasa report describing how the dsn and msfn cooperated for apollo 6 another critical step in the evolution of the apollo network came in 1965 with the advent of the dsn wing concept originally the participation of dsn 26 m antennas during an apollo mission was to be limited to a backup role this was one reason why the msfn 26 m sites were collocated with the dsn sites at goldstone madrid and canberra however the presence of two well separated spacecraft during lunar operations stimulated the rethinking of the tracking and communication problem one thought was to add a dual s band rf system to each of the three 26 m msgn antennas leaving the nearby dsn 26 m antennas still in a backup role calculations showed though that a 26 m antenna pattern centered on the landed lunar module would suffer a 9 to 12 db loss at the lunar horizon making tracking and data acquisition of the orbiting command service module difficult perhaps impossible it made sense to use both the msfn and dsn antennas simultaneously during the all important lunar operations jpl was naturally reluctant to compromise the objectives of its many unmanned spacecraft by turning three of its dsn stations over to the msfn for long periods how could the goals of both apollo and deep space exploration be achieved without building a third 26 m antenna at each of the three sites or undercutting planetary science missions the solution came in early 1965 at a meeting at nasa headquarters when eberhardt rechtin suggested what is now known as the wing concept the wing approach involves constructing a new section or wing to the main building at each of the three involved dsn sites the wing would include a msfn control room and the necessary interface equipment to accomplish the following 1 permit tracking and two way data transfer with either spacecraft during lunar operations 2 permit tracking and two way data transfer with the combined spacecraft during the flight to the moon 3 provide backup for the collocated msfn site passive track spacecraft to ground rf links of the apollo spacecraft during trans lunar and trans earth phases with this arrangement the dsn station could be quickly switched from a deep space mission to apollo and back again gsfc personnel would operate the msfn equipment completely independently of dsn personnel deep space missions would not be compromised nearly as much as if the entire station s equipment and personnel were turned over to apollo for several weeks the details of this cooperation and operation are available in a two volume technical report from jpl 8 9 current communication with earth orbiting spacecraft edit as of february 20 2010 update three different nasa networks are used the deep space network dsn the near earth network nen and the space network tracking and data relay satellite system tdrss the dsn tracks probes in deep space more than 10 000 miles 16 000 km from earth while nen and tdrss are used to communicate with satellites in low earth orbit tdrss uses a network of 10 geostationary communication satellites and a single ground station at white sands test facility 1 after apollo the msfn no longer needed the large antennas that had been used for lunar communication which were eventually given over to the dsn in 1985 the antenna at honeysuckle creek tracking station was moved to the canberra deep space communication complex cdscc dsn site and the antenna at fresnedillas was moved to the existing robledo dsn location the goldstone deep space communications complex antenna is still in its original location 7 see also edit merritt island spaceflight tracking and data network station nascom references edit 1 2 3 4 soumyajit mandal engineering apollo interview report deep space network support for the apollo missions pdf archived from the original pdf on september 4 2006 retrieved july 2 2008 mai thuy 2015 05 07 july 1961 mercury space flight network msfn completed nasa retrieved 2023 05 01 corliss w r 1974 06 01 historics of the space tracking and data acquisition network stadan the manned space flight network msfn and the nasa communications network nascom pdf nasa sti recon technical report n 75 125 bibcode 1974stin 7510981c results of the second u s manned orbital space flight may 24 1962 history nasa gov january 1962 p table 2 1 ground communications retrieved 2023 05 01 1 2 corliss w r 1974 06 01 historics of the space tracking and data acquisition network stadan the manned space flight network msfn and the nasa communications network nascom pdf nasa sti recon technical report n 75 147 bibcode 1974stin 7510981c 1 2 william r corliss 1974 nasa technical report cr 140390 histories of the space tracking and data acquisition network stadan the manned space flight network msfn and the nasa communications network nascom report nasa hdl 2060 19750002909 100mb pdf file explicitly non copyrighted 1 2 dsn history the apollo program and the deep space network jet propulsion laboratory archived from the original on february 26 2008 retrieved july 3 2008 flanagan f m goodwin p s renzetti n a technical report jpl tm 33 452 vol 1 or nasa cr 116801 deep space network support of the manned space flight network for apollo 1962 1968 volume 1 nasa flanagan f m goodwin p s renzetti n a technical report jpl tm 33 452 vol 2 or nasa cr 118325 deep space network support of the manned space flight network for apollo volume 2 nasa external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to manned space flight network manned space flight network performance analysis for the gt 2 mission nasa may 14 1965 pdf format v t e project mercury general nasa space task group space race space flight mercury program capsule missions crewed suborbit freedom 7 liberty bell 7 earth orbit friendship 7 aurora 7 sigma 7 faith 7 cancelled freedom 7 ii uncrewed little joe 1 big joe 1 lj 6 lj 1a lj 2 lj 1b beach abort ma 1 little joe 5 mr 1 mr 1a mr 2 ma 2 lj 5a mr bd ma 3 lj 5b ma 4 ms 1 ma 5 flown non human sam miss sam suborbit ham earth orbit enos astronauts general mercury seven in order of flight suborbit alan shepard gus grissom earth orbit john glenn scott carpenter wally schirra gordon cooper did not fly deke slayton equipment navy mark iv space suit subprograms mercury atlas mercury redstone mercury scout mercury jupiter canceled contractors mcdonnell aircraft corporation spacecraft convair atlas rocket chrysler redstone rocket north american aviation little joe rocket rockets atlas redstone redstone test stand blue scout ii little joe jupiter proposed launch sites and control center wallops island wallops flight facility cape canaveral air force station launch complex 5 cape canaveral air force station launch complex 14 mercury control center related programs us gemini successor program apollo lunar program soviet vostok rival in space race related manned space flight network mercury spacesuit astronaut wives club mercury 13 non nasa project inspired by project mercury v t e project gemini missions uncrewed gemini 1 2 crewed gemini 3 4 5 7 6a 8 9a 10 11 12 astronauts gemini 3 gus grissom command pilot john young pilot gemini 4 james mcdivitt command pilot ed white pilot gemini 5 gordon cooper command pilot pete conrad pilot gemini 7 frank borman command pilot jim lovell pilot gemini 6a wally schirra command pilot tom stafford pilot gemini 8 neil armstrong command pilot david scott pilot gemini 9a tom stafford command pilot gene cernan pilot gemini 10 john young command pilot michael collins pilot gemini 11 pete conrad command pilot richard gordon pilot gemini 12 jim lovell command pilot buzz aldrin pilot components gemini spacecraft sc 2 orbit attitude and maneuvering system titan rocket gemini guidance computer agena target vehicle gemini spacesuit launch sites cape canaveral air force station launch complex 19 launch complex 14 developments advanced gemini blue gemini military orbital development system manned orbiting laboratory ops 0855 big gemini related charles bassett elliot see mission control center manned space flight network rendezvous docking simulator 1966 nasa t 38 crash v t e apollo program list of missions canceled missions list of apollo astronauts launch complexes launch complex 34 launch complex 37 launch complex 39 a b ground facilities mission control center cape kennedy air force station crawler transporter kennedy space center manned space flight network launch vehicles little joe ii saturn saturn i saturn ib saturn v spacecraft and rover apollo spacecraft command and service module lunar module lunar roving vehicle flights uncrewed as 101 as 102 as 201 as 202 apollo 4 apollo 5 apollo 6 crewed apollo 1 apollo 7 apollo 8 apollo 9 apollo 10 apollo 11 apollo 12 apollo 13 apollo 14 apollo 15 apollo 16 apollo 17 saturn development saturn apollo 1 sa 2 sa 3 sa 4 sa 5 as 203 apollo 4 apollo 6 abort tests qtv pad abort test 1 a 001 a 002 a 003 pad abort test 2 a 004 pegasus flights as 103 as 104 as 105 apollo 8 specific earthrise genesis reading apollo 11 specific command module columbia lunar module eagle tranquility base one small step double crater little west crater goodwill messages lunar sample displays missing tapes anniversaries 50th anniversary commemorative coins in popular culture apollo 12 specific statio cognitum surveyor 3 surveyor crater bench crater meteorite j002e3 moon museum reports of streptococcus mitis on the moon apollo 13 specific houston we ve had a problem apollo 14 specific modular equipment transporter fra mauro formation big bertha moon tree apollo 15 specific journey lunar operations solo operations return to earth hadley apennine fallen astronaut genesis rock great scott hadley rille meteorite seatbelt basalt postal covers incident apollo 16 specific big muley apollo 17 specific the blue marble taurus littrow tracy s rock nansen apollo crater shorty crater lunar sample display lunar basalt 70017 troctolite 76535 apollo lunar sounder experiment fee fi fo fum and phooey post apollo capsule use skylab 2 3 4 apollo soyuz training lunar landing research facility lunar landing research vehicle lunar landing training vehicle reduced gravity walking simulator lunar orbit and landing approach rendezvous docking simulator astrogeology research program related we choose to go to the moon lunar orbit rendezvous stolen and missing moon rocks third party evidence for apollo moon landings apollo insurance covers symbol indicates failure or partial failure v t e skylab flights skylab 1 uncrewed skylab 2 skylab 3 skylab 4 astronauts skylab 2 pete conrad commander joseph kerwin science pilot paul weitz pilot skylab 3 alan bean commander owen garriott science pilot jack lousma pilot skylab 4 gerald carr commander edward gibson science pilot william pogue pilot contingencies skylab b teleoperator retrieval system skylab rescue not flown skylab 5 skylab rescue vance d brand commander don l lind pilot people william c schneider program director jack kinzler parasol fix designer raymond loewy habitability consultant related apollo applications program apollo command and service module apollo skylab spacesuit beta cloth thermal micrometeoroid garment apollo telescope mount crawler transporter manned space flight network mission control center skylab 4 human factors skylab medical experiment altitude test smeat wet workshop searching for skylab 2019 documentary v t e nasa policy and history history creation naca 1915 national aeronautics and space act 1958 space task group 1958 paine 1986 rogers 1986 ride 1987 space exploration initiative 1989 augustine 1990 u s national space policy 1996 cfusai 2002 caib 2003 vision for space exploration 2004 aldridge 2004 augustine 2009 general space race administrator of nasa deputy administrator of nasa chief scientist astronaut corps ranks and positions chief budget nasa research spinoff technologies nasa nasa tv nasa social launch services program mercury control center manned space flight network kennedy space center vehicle assembly building launch complex 39 39a 39b launch complex 48 launch control center operations and checkout building johnson space center mission control lunar sample laboratory science mission directorate human spaceflight programs past x 15 suborbital mercury gemini apollo skylab apollo soyuz with the soviet space program space shuttle shuttle mir with roscosmos constellation current international space station commercial orbital transportation services commercial crew orion artemis robotic programs past hitchhiker mariner mariner mark ii mesur mars surveyor 98 new millennium lunar orbiter pioneer planetary observer ranger surveyor viking project prometheus mars exploration mars exploration rover current living with a star lunar precursor robotic program earth observing system great observatories program explorers voyager discovery new frontiers solar terrestrial probes commercial lunar payload services simplex individual featured missions human and robotic past apollo 8 apollo 11 artemis ii cobe mercury 3 mercury atlas 6 magellan pioneer 10 pioneer 11 galileo timeline galex grail wmap space shuttle spitzer space telescope sojourner rover spirit rover ladee messenger aquarius cassini dawn kepler space telescope opportunity rover timeline observed rhessi maven insight ingenuity helicopter flights currently operating mars reconnaissance orbiter 2001 mars odyssey new horizons international space station hubble space telescope chandra x ray observatory swift observatory themis curiosity rover timeline lunar reconnaissance orbiter sdo juno mars science laboratory timeline voyager 1 voyager 2 mms osiris apex tess mars 2020 persever...