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bloc chinese revolution china 1949 1976 1976 1989 1989 2002 2002 2012 2012 present korean war consolidation of the cuban revolution de stalinization warsaw pact non aligned movement vietnam war corrective move sino soviet split hungarian revolution of 1956 great leap forward portuguese colonial war black power movement nicaraguan revolution cultural revolution prague spring naxalite insurgency revolutions of 1989 nepalese civil war by country afghanistan albania angola benin bulgaria cambodia 1975 79 1979 92 china congo cuba czechoslovakia czechia slovakia east germany ethiopia grenada hungary laos mongolia mozambique north korea poland romania somalia south yemen soviet union armenia azerbaijan byelarus estonia georgia kazakhstan kyrgyzstan latvia lithuania moldova russia tajikistan turkmenistan ukraine uzbekistan vietnam yugoslavia bosnia and herzegovina croatia macedonia montenegro serbia slovenia organizations comecon comintern chinese communist party communist party of cuba communist party of india communist party of kampuchea communist party of the russian federation communist party of the soviet union communist party of vietnam french communist party imcwp indochinese communist party kampuchean people s revolutionary party lao people s revolutionary party nepal communist party party of labour of albania popular front for the liberation of palestine sandinista national liberation front workers party of korea related topics all union communist party bolsheviks anti communism mass killings bolshevism crimes against humanity under communist regimes mass killings criticism of communist party rule cult of personality intercommunalism juche leninism marxist schools of thought national bolshevism national communism new class post communism red fascism red scare second second world state ideology of china state ideology of the soviet union state capitalism state socialism tankie third worldism totalitarianism trotskyism communism portal politics portal v t e the theory of the new democracy was known to the chinese revolutionaries from the late 1940s this thesis held that for most people the long road to socialism could only be opened by a national popular democratic anti feudal and anti imperialist revolution run by the communists 37 people s war edit see also people s war holding that political power grows out of the barrel of a gun 38 maoism emphasises the revolutionary struggle of the vast majority of people against the exploiting classes and their state structures which mao termed a people s war mobilising large parts of rural populations to revolt against established institutions by engaging in guerrilla warfare maoist thought focuses on surrounding the cities from the countryside maoism views the industrial rural divide as a major division exploited by capitalism identifying capitalism as involving industrial urban developed first world societies ruling over rural developing third world societies 39 maoism identifies peasant insurgencies in particular national contexts as part of a context of world revolution in which maoism views the global countryside as overwhelming the global cities 40 due to this imperialism by the capitalist urban first world toward the rural third world maoism has endorsed national liberation movements in the third world 40 mass line edit main article mass line building on the theory of the vanguard party 41 by vladimir lenin the theory of the mass line outlines a strategy for the revolutionary leadership of the masses consolidation of the dictatorship of the proletariat and strengthening of the party and the building of socialism the mass line can be summarised as from the masses to the masses it has three components or stages 42 gathering the diverse ideas of the masses processing or concentrating these ideas from the perspective of revolutionary marxism in light of the long term ultimate interests of the masses which the masses may sometimes only dimly perceive and in light of a scientific analysis of the objective situation returning these concentrated ideas to the masses in the form of a political line which will advance the mass struggle toward revolution these three steps should be applied repeatedly reiteratively uplifting practice and knowledge to higher and higher stages contradiction edit in any given thing the unity of the opposites is conditional temporary and transitory and hence relative whereas the struggle of opposites is absolute mao zedong on the correct handling of contradictions among the people 43 mao drew from the writings of karl marx friedrich engels and vladimir lenin in elaborating his theory philosophically his most important reflections emerge on the concept of contradiction maodun in two major essays on contradiction and on the correct handling of contradictions among the people he adopts the idea that contradiction is present in matter itself and thus also in the ideas of the brain matter always develops through a dialectical contradiction the interdependence of the contradictory aspects present in all things and the struggle between these aspects determine the life of things and push their development forward there is nothing that does not contain contradiction without contradiction nothing would exist 44 mao held that contradictions were the essential feature of society and a wide range of contradictions dominates society and this calls for various strategies revolution is necessary to resolve the fully antagonistic contradictions between labour and capital contradictions within the revolutionary movement call for an ideological correction to prevent them from becoming antagonistic furthermore each contradiction including class struggle the contradiction holding between relations of production and the concrete development of forces of production expresses itself in a series of other contradictions some dominant others not there are many contradictions in the process of development of a complex thing and one of them is necessarily the principal contradiction whose existence and development determine or influence the existence and development of the other contradictions 45 the principal contradiction should be tackled with priority when trying to make the fundamental contradiction solidify mao elaborates on this theme in the essay on practice on the relation between knowledge and practice between knowing and doing here practice connects contradiction with class struggle in the following way claiming that inside a mode of production there are three realms where practice functions economic production scientific experimentation which also takes place in economic production and should not be radically disconnected from the former and finally class struggle these are the proper objects of economy scientific knowledge and politics 46 these three spheres deal with matter in its various forms socially mediated as a result they are the only realms where knowledge may arise since truth and knowledge only make sense in relation to matter according to marxist epistemology mao emphasises like marx in trying to confront the bourgeois idealism of his time that knowledge must be based on empirical evidence knowledge results from hypotheses verified in the contrast with a real object this real object despite being mediated by the subject s theoretical frame retains its materiality and will offer resistance to those ideas that do not conform to its truth thus in each of these realms economic scientific and political practice contradictions principle and secondary must be identified explored and put to function to achieve the communist goal this involves the need to know scientifically how the masses produce how they live think and work to obtain knowledge of how class struggle the central contradiction that articulates a mode of production in its various realms expresses itself mao zedong thought is described as being marxism leninism adapted to chinese conditions whereas its variant marxism leninism maoism is considered universally applicable three worlds theory edit in 1974 china announced its three worlds theory at the un 21 74 three worlds theory states that during the cold war two imperialist states formed the first world the united states and the soviet union the second world consisted of the other imperialist states in their spheres of influence the third world consisted of non imperialist countries both the first and the second world exploit the third world but the first world is the most aggressive party the first and second world workers are bought up by imperialism preventing socialist revolution on the other hand the people of the third world have not even a short sighted interest in the prevailing circumstances hence revolution is most likely to appear in third world countries which again will weaken imperialism opening up for revolutions in other countries too 13 agrarian socialism edit maoism departs from conventional european inspired marxism in that it focuses on the agrarian countryside rather than the urban industrial forces this is known as agrarian socialism notably maoist parties in peru nepal and the philippines have adopted equal stresses on urban and rural areas depending on the country s focus on economic activity maoism broke with the framework of the soviet union under nikita khrushchev dismissing it as state capitalist and marxist revisionism a pejorative term among communists referring to those who fight for capitalism in the name of socialism and who depart from historical and dialectical materialism although maoism is critical of urban industrial capitalist powers it views urban industrialisation as a prerequisite to expanding economic development and the socialist reorganisation of the countryside with the goal being the achievement of rural industrialisation that would abolish the distinction between town and countryside 47 beijing 1978 the billboard reads long live marxism leninism and mao zedong thought maoism and marxism differ in how the proletariat is defined and in which political and economic conditions would start a communist revolution for marx the proletariat was the urban working class which was determined in the revolution by which the bourgeoisie overthrew feudalism 48 for mao zedong the revolutionary class was the millions of peasants he referred to as the popular masses mao based his revolution upon the peasantry they possessed according to him two qualities i they were poor and ii they were a political blank slate in mao s words a clean sheet of paper has no blotches and so the newest and most beautiful words can be written on it 49 for marx the proletarian revolution was internally fuelled by the capitalist mode of production as capitalism developed a tension arises between the productive forces and the mode of production 50 the political tension between the productive forces the workers and the owners of the means of production the capitalists would be an inevitable incentive for the proletarian revolution resulting in a communist society mao did not subscribe to marx s theory of inevitable cyclicality in the economic system his goal was to unify the chinese nation and so realise progressive change for china in the form of communism hence a revolution was needed at once in the great union of the popular masses 1919 mao wrote that t he decadence of the state the sufferings of humanity and the darkness of society have all reached an extreme 51 populism edit mao also believed strongly in the concept of a unified people these notions prompted him to investigate the peasant uprisings in hunan while the rest of china s communists were in the cities and focused on the orthodox marxist proletariat 8 43 many of the pillars of maoism such as the distrust of intellectuals and the abhorrence of occupational specialty are typical populist ideas 8 44 the concept of people s war central to maoist thought is directly populist in its origins mao believed that intellectuals and party cadres would first become students of the masses and teachers of the masses later this concept was vital to the aforementioned people s war strategy 8 44 international influence edit the communist party of nepal maoist centre in february 2013 from 1962 onwards the challenge to the soviet hegemony in the world communist movement made by the ccp resulted in various divisions in communist parties around the world at an early stage the albanian party of labour sided with the ccp 52 so did many of the mainstream non splinter group communist parties in south east asia like the communist party of burma the communist party of thailand and the communist party of indonesia some asian parties like the communist party of vietnam and the workers party of korea attempted to take a middle ground position under the rule of ali soilih and the drcp party the state of the comoros was a maoist state the moissy militia was partly inspired by mao s red guard 53 cambodia s khmer rouge could have been considered a replica of the maoist regime under the leadership of angkar however maoists and marxists generally contend that the cpk strongly deviated from marxist doctrine and the few references to maoist china in cpk propaganda were critical of the chinese 54 non primary source needed various efforts have sought to regroup the international communist movement under maoism since mao s death in 1976 many parties and organisations were formed in the west and third world that upheld links to the ccp often they took names such as communist party marxist leninist or revolutionary communist party to distinguish themselves from the traditional pro soviet communist parties the pro ccp movements were in many cases based on the wave of student radicalism that engulfed the world in the 1960s and 1970s only one western classic communist party sided with the ccp the communist party of new zealand under the leadership of the ccp and mao zedong a parallel international communist movement emerged to rival that of the soviets although it was never as formalised and homogeneous as the pro soviet tendency maoist leader prachanda speaking at a rally in pokhara nepal after the death of mao in 1976 and the resulting power struggles in china that followed the international maoist movement was divided into three camps one group composed of various ideologically nonaligned groups gave weak support to the new chinese leadership under deng xiaoping another camp denounced the new leadership as traitors to the cause of marxism leninism mao zedong thought the third camp sided with the albanians in denouncing the three worlds theory of the ccp see the sino albanian split citation needed the pro albanian camp would start to function as an international group as well 55 led by enver hoxha and the apl and was also able to amalgamate many of the communist groups in latin america including the communist party of brazil 56 later latin american communists such as peru s shining path also embraced the tenets of maoism 57...