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the (175), maple (121), and (113), acer (68), are (59), for (45), species (43), from (34), wood (31), maples (30), with (25), edit (24), trees (21), retrieved (20), leaves (19), plane (18), also (18), have (18), that (17), most (17), used (16), isbn (15), leaf (15), archived (14), tree (13), has (13), often (13), some (13), which (13), can (13), genus (12), made (12), sugar (12), they (12), may (11), 978 (11), 2017 (11), syrup (11), one (11), many (11), this (10), north (10), 2021 (10), canada (10), about (9), other (9), doi (9), autumn (9), but (9), their (9), articles (8), plant (8), history (8), america (8), late (8), seeds (8), wikipedia (7), use (7), timber (7), red (7), original (7), sapindaceae (7), list (7), palmatum (7), flowers (7), such (7), due (7), few (7), common (7), cultivars (7), was (6), links (6), carving (6), miter (6), japanese (6), clamp (6), issn (6), instruments (6), november (6), bonsai (6), canadian (6), long (6), pmid (6), popular (6), family (6), see (6), 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uct the evolutionary history of the group suggest a late paleocene origin for the group appearing first in the northeastern palearctic rapid lineage divergence was followed by several independent dispersals to the nearctic and western palearctic regions 12 13 fifty four species of maples meet the international union for conservation of nature criteria for being under threat of extinction in their native habitat 4 pests and diseases edit rhytisma acerinum fungus on acer pseudoplatanus leaf the leaves are used as a food plant for the larvae of a number of the order lepidoptera see list of lepidoptera that feed on maples in high concentrations caterpillars like the greenstriped mapleworm dryocampa rubicunda can feed on the leaves so much that they cause temporary defoliation of host maple trees 14 aphids are also very common sap feeders on maples they are a natural part of herbivorous insect communities on maples though they may become pests when accumulated in large densities 15 16 in horticultural applications a dimethoate spray will solve this aphid abundance has been shown to depend on tree condition and host species 15 different maple species support distinct insect communities one study found that aphid populations were much more abundant on sycamore maple and lower on norway maple 15 variations in tree health and pest populations are also closely linked as both are influenced by environmental conditions factors such as urban stress drought soil conditions and pollution can affect tree vitality and alter insect abundance 15 this relationship is consistent with the plant stress hypothesis which proposes that environmental stress can modify plant defences and in some cases increase susceptibility to herbivorous insects 15 infestations of the asian long horned beetle anoplophora glabripennis have resulted in the destruction of thousands of maples and other tree species in illinois massachusetts new jersey new york and ohio in the united states and ontario canada 17 18 maples are affected by a number of fungal diseases several are susceptible to verticillium wilt caused by verticillium species which can cause significant local mortality sooty bark disease caused by cryptostroma species can kill trees that are under stress due to drought death of maples can rarely be caused by phytophthora root rot and ganoderma root decay maple leaves in late summer and autumn are commonly disfigured by tar spot caused by rhytisma species and mildew caused by uncinula species though these diseases do not usually have an adverse effect on the trees long term health 19 cultural significance edit the canadian flag incorporates a stylized maple leaf the maple leaf and samaras in the coat of arms of sammatti a maple leaf appears on the coat of arms of canada and is on the canadian flag the maple is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of canada maple leaves are traditionally an important part of canadian forces military regalia for example the military rank insignia for generals use maple leaf symbols there are 10 species naturally growing in the country with at least one in each province although the idea of the tree as a national symbol originally hailed from the province of quebec 20 where the sugar maple is significant today s arboreal emblem of canada rather refers to a generic maple 21 the design on the flag is an eleven point stylization modeled after a sugar maple leaf which normally bears 23 points 22 it is also in the name of a canadian ice hockey team the toronto maple leafs the first attested use of the word was in 1260 as mapole and it also appears a century later in geoffrey chaucer s canterbury tales spelled as mapul 23 the maple is also a symbol of hiroshima ubiquitous in the local meibutsu a maple leaf along with samaras appears in the coat of arms of sammatti a former municipality of uusimaa finland 24 25 uses edit horticulture edit a red maple tree highlighted between spruce trees acer palmatum japanese maple has over 1 000 cultivars this cultivar is a palmatum sango kaku sometimes called coralbark maple some species of maple are extensively planted as ornamental trees by homeowners businesses and municipalities due to their fall colour relatively fast growth ease of transplanting and lack of hard seeds that would pose a problem for mowing lawns particularly popular are norway maple although it is considered invasive in north america silver maple japanese maple and red maple the vine maple is also occasionally used as an ornamental tree other maples especially smaller or more unusual species are popular as specimen trees 5 cultivars edit numerous maple cultivars that have been selected for particular characteristics can be propagated only by asexual reproduction such as cuttings tissue culture budding or grafting acer palmatum japanese maple alone has over 1 000 cultivars most selected in japan and many of them no longer propagated or not in cultivation in the western world some delicate cultivars are usually grown in pots and rarely reach heights of more than 50 100 cm acer palmatum var kiyohime as bonsai during fall abscission this dwarf hybrid cultivar is prized for its small leaves and bright red fall colors bonsai edit roter fächerahorn maples are a popular choice for the art of bonsai japanese maple acer palmatum trident maple a buergerianum amur maple a ginnala field maple a campestre and montpellier maple a monspessulanum are popular choices and respond well to techniques that encourage leaf reduction and ramification but most species can be used 5 26 collections edit acer griseum is widely grown for its decorative bark maple collections sometimes called aceretums occupy space in many gardens and arboreta around the world including the five great w s in england wakehurst place garden westonbirt arboretum windsor great park winkworth arboretum and wisley garden in the united states the aceretum at the harvard owned arnold arboretum in boston is especially notable in the number of species and cultivars the esveld aceretum in boskoop netherlands is the largest in the world 5 commercial uses edit maples are important as sources of syrup and wood dried wood is often used for the smoking of food charcoal from maples is an integral part of the lincoln county process used to make tennessee whiskey 27 they are also cultivated as ornamental plants and have benefits for tourism and agriculture timber edit a bench made of highly figured maple wood some of the larger maple species have valuable timber particularly sugar maple in north america and sycamore maple in europe sugar maple wood often known as hard maple is the wood of choice for bowling pins bowling alley lanes pool and snooker cue shafts and butcher s blocks maple wood is also used for the manufacture of wooden baseball bats though less often than ash or hickory due to the tendency of maple bats to shatter if they do break the maple bat was introduced to major league baseball mlb in 1998 by sam bat founder sam holman today it is the standard maple bat most in use by professional baseball 28 maple is also commonly used in archery as the core material in the limbs of a recurve bow due to its stiffness and strength citation needed maple wood is often graded based on physical and aesthetic characteristics the most common terminology includes the grading scale from common 2 which is unselected and often used for craft woods common 1 used for commercial and residential buildings clear and select grade which is sought for fine woodworking 29 some maple wood has a highly decorative wood grain variously known as flame maple quilt maple birdseye maple and burl wood this condition occurs randomly in individual trees of several species and often cannot be detected until the wood has been sawn though it is sometimes visible in the standing tree as a rippled pattern in the bark citation needed these select decorative wood pieces also have subcategories that further filter the aesthetic looks crotch wood bees wing cats paw old growth and mottled are some terms used to describe the look of these decorative woods 30 maples have a long history of use for furniture production in the united states 31 the cherokee people would produce a purple dye from maple bark which they used to dye cloth 32 33 tonewood edit maple is considered a tonewood or a wood that carries sound waves well and is used in numerous musical instruments maple is harder and has a brighter sound than mahogany which is another major tonewood used in instrument manufacturing 34 the back sides and neck of most violins violas cellos and double basses are made from maple 35 electric guitar necks are commonly made from maple having good dimensional stability the necks of the fender stratocaster and telecaster were originally an entirely maple one piece neck but later were also available with rosewood fingerboards les paul desired an all maple guitar but due to the weight of maple only the tops of gibson s les paul guitars are made from carved maple often using quilted or flamed maple tops due to its weight very few solid body guitars are made entirely from maple but many guitars have maple necks tops or veneers citation needed maple is also often used to make bassoons and sometimes other woodwind instruments such as recorders 36 37 many drums are made from maple from the 1970s to the 1990s maple drum kits were a vast majority of all drum kits made but in recent years birch has become popular for drums once again some of the best drum building companies use maple extensively throughout their mid pro range 5 maple drums are favored for their bright resonant sound 38 certain drum sticks are also made from maple 39 agriculture edit during late winter to early spring in northeastern north america when the night to day temperatures change from freezing to thawing maple trees may be tapped for sap to manufacture maple syrup 40 the sap is sent via tubing to a sugar house where it is boiled to produce syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy it takes about 40 litres 42 us qt of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre 1 1 us qt of syrup 40 while any acer species may be tapped for syrup many do not have sufficient quantities of sugar to be commercially useful whereas sugar maples a saccharum are most commonly used to produce maple syrup 40 quebec is a major producer of maple syrup an industry worth about 500 million canadian dollars annually 40 41 also as these trees are a major source of pollen in early spring before many other plants have flowered maple flowers are a source of foraging for honeybees that play a commercially important role in general agriculture and in natural habitats 42 pulpwood edit maple is used as pulpwood the fibers have relatively thick walls that prevent collapsing upon drying this gives good bulk and opacity in paper with a lignin content of approximately 21 maple is often processed into high yield pulp to enhance printing properties 43 tourism edit many maples have bright autumn foliage and many countries have leaf watching traditions the sugar maple acer saccharum whose leaves turn brilliant orange is the primary contributor to fall foliage season in north eastern north america in japan the custom of viewing the changing colour of maples in the autumn is called momijigari nikkō and kyoto are particularly favoured destinations for this activity in korea the same viewing activity is called danpung nori and the seoraksan and naejang san mountains are among the best known destinations these are examples of ecosystem services are examples of cultural ecosystem services that hold relational value 44 gallery edit acer buergerianum var formosanum leaves and fruit acer cappadocicum cappadocian maple acer carpinifolium leaves acer ginnala foliage acer grandidentatum bigtooth maple in autumn colour acer griseum paperbark maple acer laevigatum leaves and fruit acer macrophyllum flowers and young leaves acer oliverianum trunk acer palmatum trees and bamboo in japan acer palmatum leaf in autumn acer platanoides leaf acer platanoides norway maple samaras acer rubrum leaves acer rubrum tree in autumn acer sempervirens foliage acer freemanii autumn blaze a cross between a rubrum and a saccharinum maple acer stem 1 year 100x actual diameter 2 0 2 2mm see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to acer list of acer species list of award of garden merit maples list of danish acers mazer a drinking vessel made from maple wood list of foods made from maple references edit citations edit 1 2 3 joyce elizabeth m appelhans marc s buerki sven cheek martin de vos jurriaan m pirani josé r zuntini alexandre r bachelier julien b bayly michael j callmander martin w devecchi marcelo f pell susan k groppo milton lowry porter p mitchell john siniscalchi carolina m munzinger jérôme orel harvey k pannell caroline m nauheimer lars sauquet hervé weeks andrea muellner riehl alexandra n leitch ilia j maurin olivier forest félix nargar katharina thiele kevin r baker william j crayn darren m 2023 03 07 phylogenomic analyses of sapindales support new family relationships rapid mid cretaceous hothouse diversification and heterogeneous histories of gene duplication frontiers in plant science 14 1063174 frontiers media sa bibcode 2023frps 1463174j doi 10 3389 fpls 2023 1063174 issn 1664 462x pmc 10028101 pmid 36959945 stevens p f 2001 onwards angiosperm phylogeny website version 9 june 2008 and more or less continuously updated since http www mobot org mobot research apweb xu tingzhi chen yousheng de jong piet c oterdoom herman john chang chin sung acer flora of china vol 11 retrieved 27 may 2012 via efloras org missouri botanical garden st louis mo harvard university herbaria cambridge ma 1 2 gibbs d chen y 2009 the red list of maples archived 2019 05 28 at the wayback machine botanic gardens conservation international bgci isbn 978 1 905164 31 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 van gelderen c j van gelderen d m 1999 maples for gardens a color encyclopedia isbn 978 0 585 25457 9 crowley 2020 acer l from the website trees and shrubs online areces berazain fabiola hinsinger damien d strijk joeri s march 2021 genome wide supermatrix analyses of maples acer sapindaceae reveal recurring inter continental migration mass extinction and rapid lineage divergence genomics 113 2 681 692 doi 10 1016 j ygeno 2021 01 014 pmid 33508445 s2cid 231754169 huxley a ed 1992 new rhs dictionary of gardening macmillan isbn 0 333 47494 5 sky hook spirals from plane popular mechanics december 1944 p 75 classification of genus acer 12 august 2007 archived from the original on 12 august 2007 retrieved 19 november 2017 areces berazain fabiola wang yixi hinsinger damien d strijk joeri s 2020 07 13 plastome comparative genomics in maples resolves the infrageneric backbone relationships peerj 8 e9483 doi 10 7717 peerj 9483 issn 2167 8359 pmc 7365138 pmid 32742784 renner susanne s grimm guido w schneeweiss gerald m stuessy tod f ricklefs robert e...