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Text of the page (random words):
ciencies in different forms of care or lack of care of which attachment is only one aspect as well as consideration of constitutional and genetic factors in determining developmental outcome 50 subsequent studies have however confirmed bowlby s concept of cycles of disadvantage although not all children from unhappy homes reproduce the deficiencies in their own experience 57 rather it is now conceptualised as a series of pathways through childhood and a number of varied influences will determine which path a particular child takes 44 the concept outside mainstream psychology edit the idea that separation from the female caregiver has profound effects is one with considerable resonance outside the conventional study of child development in united states law the tender years doctrine was long applied when custody of infants and toddlers was preferentially given to mothers over the last decade or so some decisions appear to have been derived from the tender years concept but others involve the contrary assumption that a 2 year old is too young to have developed a relationship with either parent 58 concern with the harm of separation from the mother is characteristic of the belief systems behind some complementary and alternative cam psychotherapies such belief systems are concerned not only with the effect of the young child s separation from the care of the mother but with an emotional attachment between mother and child which advocates of these systems believe to develop prenatally such attachment is said to lead to emotional trauma if the child is separated from the birth mother and adopted even if this occurs on the day of birth and even if the adoptive family provides all possible love and care these beliefs were at one time in existence among psychologists of psychoanalytic background 9 59 today however beliefs in prenatal communication between mothers and infants are largely confined to unconventional thinkers such as william emerson 60 belief in prenatal fetal awareness mental communication between mother and unborn child and emotional attachment of child to mother as a prenatal phenomenon are concepts that connect easily to the unfounded assumption that all adopted children suffer emotional disorders these beliefs are also congruent with cam psychotherapies such as attachment therapy not based on attachment theory which purport to bring about age regression and to recapitulate early development to produce a better outcome 61 see also edit dead mother complex references edit holmes 1993 p 221 1 2 3 4 5 bretherton i 1992 the origins of attachment theory john bowlby and mary ainsworth developmental psychology 28 5 759 775 doi 10 1037 0012 1649 28 5 759 s2cid 3964292 1 2 3 bowlby john 1995 1951 maternal care and mental health master work series vol 2 softcover ed northvale nj jason aronson pp 355 533 isbn 978 1 56821 757 4 pmc 2554008 pmid 14821768 cite book journal ignored help 1 2 3 bowlby 1995 p 11 1 2 3 4 bowlby 1988 p 24 1 2 cassidy j 1999 the nature of the child s ties in cassidy j shaver p r eds handbook of attachment theory research and clinical applications guilford press isbn 978 1 57230 826 8 bowlby j 1986 maternal care and mental health pdf bulletin of the world health organization citation classic 3 3 355 533 pmc 2554008 pmid 14821768 archived from the original pdf on 2019 07 13 retrieved 2008 05 23 fildes v 1988 wet nursing new york blackwell isbn 978 0 631 15831 8 1 2 3 brown j a c 1961 freud and the post freudians london penguin isbn 978 0 14 020522 0 cite book isbn date incompatibility help suttie i 1935 the origins of love and hate london penguin isbn 978 0 415 21042 3 cite book isbn date incompatibility help karen 1998 pp 13 17 1 2 karen 1998 pp 20 21 karen 1998 pp 18 22 spitz r 1945 hospitalism an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood psychoanalytic study of the child 1 53 74 doi 10 1080 00797308 1945 11823126 pmid 21004303 spitz r 1950 relevance of direct infant observation psychoanalytic study of the child 5 66 73 doi 10 1080 00797308 1950 11822885 karen 1998 p 25 freud a burlingham d t 1943 war and children new york medical war books isbn 978 0 8371 6942 2 cite book isbn date incompatibility help freud a burlingham d t 1939 1945 infants without families and reports on the hampstead nurseries the writings of anna freud vol 3 new york international universities press karen 1998 pp 26 29 bowlby j 1944 forty four juvenile thieves their characters and home life international journal of psychoanalysis 25 19 52 107 27 sometimes referred to by bowlby s colleagues as ali bowlby and the forty thieves howard kimberly martin anne berlin lisa j brooks gunn jeanne 1 january 2011 early mother child separation parenting and child well being in early head start families attachment human development 13 1 5 26 doi 10 1080 14616734 2010 488119 pmc 3115616 pmid 21240692 karen 1998 pp 59 62 karen 1998 pp 62 66 1 2 bowlby 1995 pp 11 12 bowlby 1995 pp 84 90 bowlby 1995 pp 117 122 bowlby 1995 pp 124 126 bowlby 1995 pp 67 92 1 2 3 ainsworth m d 1962 the effects of maternal deprivation a review of findings and controversy in the context of research strategy deprivation of maternal care a reassessment of its effects public health papers vol 14 geneva world health organization isbn 9789241300148 cite book isbn date incompatibility help spitz r a 1949 autoerotism psychoanalytic study of the child 3 85 120 doi 10 1080 00797308 1947 11823082 rank b 1949 aggression psychoanalytic study of the child 3 43 48 doi 10 1080 00797308 1947 11823078 1 2 3 ainsworth mary d salter andry r g harlow robert g lebovici s mead margaret prugh dane g wootton barbara et al 1962 deprivation of maternal care a reassessment of its effects vol 14 geneva world health organization public health papers isbn 9789241300148 cite book isbn date incompatibility help schwartz j 1999 cassandra s daughter a history of psychoanalysis viking allen lane p 225 isbn 978 0 670 88623 4 1 2 rutter m may 1995 clinical implications of attachment concepts retrospect and prospect j child psychol psychiatry 36 4 549 71 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7610 1995 tb02314 x pmid 7650083 bowlby 1988 pp 43 45 1 2 a critique of maternal deprivation experiments on primates modern research modernization committee archived from the original on 23 october 2007 retrieved 3 september 2015 1 2 3 4 gluck john 1997 harry f harlow and animal research reflection on the ethical paradox ethics behavior 7 2 149 161 doi 10 1207 s15327019eb0702_6 pmid 11655129 s2cid 42157109 1 2 3 4 harlow h f harlow m k suomi s j 1971 from thought to therapy lessons from a primate laboratory american scientist 59 5 538 549 bibcode 1971amsci 59 538h pmid 5004085 grimm david 29 december 2014 members of congress request investigation into u s monkey lab american association for the advancement of science science retrieved 3 september 2015 firger jessica 8 september 2014 questions raised about mental health studies on baby monkeys at nih labs cbs news retrieved 3 september 2015 king barbara 19 may 2015 cruel experiments on infant monkeys still happen all the time that needs to stop scientific american retrieved 3 september 2015 wootton b 1962 a social scientist s approach to maternal deprivation deprivation of maternal care a reassessment of its effects public health papers vol 14 geneva world health organization pp 255 266 isbn 9789241300148 cite book isbn date incompatibility help 1 2 karen 1998 p 65 1 2 3 4 5 rutter m 1981 maternal deprivation reassessed 2nd ed harmondsworth penguin isbn 978 0 14 022700 0 holmes 1993 pp 45 46 bowlby 1995 p 68 1 2 3 rutter m 1972 maternal deprivation reassessed harmondsworth penguin isbn 978 0 14 080561 1 rutter michael 1979 maternal deprivation 1972 1978 new findings new concepts new approaches child development 50 2 jstor 283 305 doi 10 2307 1129404 issn 0009 3920 jstor 1129404 pmid 114367 holmes 1993 pp 49 51 1 2 rutter m 2002 nature nurture and development from evangelism through science toward policy and practice child dev 73 1 1 21 doi 10 1111 1467 8624 00388 pmid 14717240 s2cid 10334844 1 2 andry r g 1962 paternal and maternal roles and delinquency deprivation of maternal care a reassessment of its effects public health papers vol 14 geneva world health organization isbn 9789241300148 cite book isbn date incompatibility help bowlby j 1982 1969 attachment attachment and loss vol 1 london pimlico isbn 978 0 7126 7471 3 schaffer h r 1996 social development an introduction oxford blackwell isbn 978 0 631 18574 1 field t 1978 interaction behaviours of primary versus secondary caretaker fathers developmental psychology 14 2 183 184 doi 10 1037 0012 1649 14 2 183 1 2 holmes 1993 pp 45 48 zeanah c h february 1996 beyond insecurity a reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy j consult clin psychol 64 1 42 52 doi 10 1037 0022 006x 64 1 42 pmid 8907083 holmes 1993 p 51 mercer j 2006 understanding attachment parenting child care and emotional development westport ct praeger isbn 978 0 275 98217 1 freud w e 1973 prenatal attachment and bonding in greenspan s i pollock g h eds the course of life vol i infancy nadison ct international universities press emerson w r 1996 the vulnerable pre nate pre and perinatal psychology journal 10 3 125 142 mercer j sarner l rosa l 2003 attachment therapy on trial the torture and death of candace newmaker child psychology mental health westport ct praeger isbn 978 0 275 97675 0 bibliography edit bowlby j 1988 a secure base clinical applications of attachment theory london routledge isbn 978 0 415 00640 8 holmes j 1993 john bowlby attachment theory london routledge isbn 978 0 415 07730 9 karen r 1998 becoming attached first relationships and how they shape our capacity to love oxford new york oxford university press isbn 978 0 19 511501 7 external links edit bowlby john 1951 maternal care and mental health bulletin of the world health organization 3 3 355 533 pmc 2554008 pmid 14821768 bowlby john 1952 maternal care and mental health report world health organization monograph series vol 2 2nd ed geneva world health organization spitz rené 1957 psychogenic disease in infancy film via internet archive v t e attachment theories affectional bond attachment in adults attachment in children attachment disorder attachment and health attachment measures attachment theory dynamic maturational model of attachment and adaptation fathers as attachment figures history of attachment theory human bonding investment model of commitment maternal deprivation object relations theory reactive attachment disorder notable theorists mary ainsworth william e blatz john bowlby patricia mckinsey crittenden erik erikson sigmund freud harry harlow jerome kagan melanie klein konrad lorenz mary main rené spitz nikolaas tinbergen clinical applications attachment based therapy children attachment based psychotherapy dyadic developmental psychotherapy v t e evolutionary psychology history evolutionary thought theoretical foundations adaptationism cognitive revolution cognitivism gene selection theory modern synthesis criticism evolutionary processes acquired characteristics adaptations altruism cheating hamiltonian spite reciprocal baldwin effect by products evolutionarily stable strategy exaptation fitness inclusive kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mismatch natural selection sexual selection costly signaling male female intrasexual competition mate choice sexual dimorphism social selection species typical behavior areas cognition emotion affect display display rules facial expression behavioral modernity cognitive module modularity of mind adaptive unconscious unconscious cognition automatic and controlled processes cognitive specialization computational theory of mind domain generality domain specificity learning dual process theory cognitive tradeoff hypothesis evolution of the brain evolution of nervous systems fight or flight response arachnophobia basophobia ophidiophobia folk biology taxonomy folk psychology theory of mind intelligence flynn effect wason selection task motor control skill multitasking numerical cognition number sense approximate number system parallel individuation system sleep visual perception color vision eye naïve physics culture aesthetics literary criticism musicology anthropology biological crime language origin psychology speech morality moral foundations religion origin social contagion behavioral contagion emotional contagion epidemiology of representations universals development attachment bonding biology affectional maternal paternal bond caregiver deprivation childhood attachment cinderella effect cognitive development education neuronal recycling hypothesis science of reading language acquisition personality development socialization human factors mental health cognitive ergonomics computer mediated communication engineering psychology human computer interaction media naturalness theory neuroergonomics depression digital media use and mental health hypophobia imprinted brain hypothesis mind blindness psychological effects of internet use rank theory of depression schizophrenia screen time smartphones and pedestrian safety social aspects of television societal effects of cars distracted driving lead crime hypothesis mobile phones and driving safety texting while driving sex activity adult attachment age disparity arousal concealed ovulation coolidge effect desire fantasy hormonal motivation incest taboo westermarck effect jealousy mate guarding mating preferences mating strategies orientation ovulatory shift hypothesis pair bond romantic love physical sexual attraction sexuality male female sexy son hypothesis sex differences aggression autism cognition crime division of labour emotional intelligence empathising systemising theory gender role intelligence memory mental health narcissism neuroscience schizophrenia substance abuse suicide variability hypothesis related subjects academic disciplines behavioral evolutionary economics behavioral epigenetics genetics affective behavioral cognitive evolutionary neuroscience biocultural anthropology biolinguistics biological psychiatry cognitive ethology cognitive psychology cognitive science comparative psychology cross cultural psychology ethology evolutionary biology evolutionary medicine functional psychology neuropsychology philosophy of mind population genetics primatology sociobiology research topics animal comparative cognition animal communication animal consciousness animal culture animal language animal navigation animal training animal made art cognitive bias emotion g factor in non humans great ape language human animal communication number sense primate cognition theory of mind tool use cultural evolution evolutionary epistemology missing heritability problem unit of selection coevolution cultural group selection dual inheritance theory fisher s principle group selection hologenome theory lam...