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Text of the page (random words):
matsu dialect wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 history 2 phonology toggle phonology subsection 2 1 initials 2 2 rimes 2 3 tone 2 4 the relationship between tone and rime 2 5 sandhi and assimilation 2 5 1 tone sandhi 2 5 2 initial assimilation 2 5 3 rime tensing 3 notes 4 references 5 further reading 6 external links toggle the table of contents matsu dialect 6 languages bikol central 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ bahasa indonesia tiếng việt 閩南語 bân lâm gí 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia eastern min dialect of taiwan matsu dialect 馬祖話 mā cū huâ 平話 bàng huâ pronunciation mɑ tsu uɑ paŋ ŋuɑ native to taiwan region matsu islands ethnicity fuzhounese language family sino tibetan sinitic chinese min coastal min eastern min houguan fuzhou matsu dialect early forms proto sino tibetan old chinese a proto min writing system chinese characters foochow romanized and matsu fuzhounese bopomofo zh official status official language in matsu islands taiwan as local language 4 5 recognised minority language in one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in the matsu islands taiwan 6 language codes iso 639 3 glottolog none linguasphere 79 aaa ico ietf cdo u sd twlie location of matsu islands this article contains ipa phonetic symbols without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of unicode characters for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa the matsu dialect eastern min mā cū uâ 馬祖話 is the local dialect of matsu islands taiwan native speakers also call it bàng huâ 平話 meaning the language spoken in everyday life it is recognised as one of the statutory languages for public transport announcements in lienchiang county taiwan 6 the dialect is a subdialect of the fuzhou dialect of eastern min the matsu dialect is quite similar to the changle dialect another subdialect of the fuzhou dialect history edit previously the eastern min varieties in the matsu islands were seen as a part of a general fuzhounese group 7 it is under the name northern fujian fuzhou dialect chinese 閩北 福州 語 that the 2000 act of broadcasting language equality protection in public transport mandated the use of the matsu dialect on public transportation in the matsu islands 8 9 the establishment of the people s republic of china in 1949 severed the matsu islands from the rest of fujian province and as during the cold war communications and transit were cut off between the republic of china now including the island of taiwan and without mainland china and the prc the identity of the matsu islands became established as separate to that of fuzhou the varieties of eastern min on the matsu islands have subsequently come to be seen as the matsu dialect which the roc recognized as a native language in 2017 7 10 phonology edit the matsu dialect has 17 initials 46 rimes and 7 tones as reported by tu 2006 based on elderly informants from beigan 11 initials edit bilabial alveolar velar glottal nasal m 蒙 n 日 ŋ 語 plosive aspiration pʰ 波 tʰ 他 kʰ 氣 plain p 邊 t 低 k 求 ʔ 鶯 fricative s 時 h 喜 affricate aspiration tsʰ 出 plain ts 曾 lateral l 柳 β and ʒ exist only in connected speech rimes edit there are 46 rimes in the matsu dialect monophthong compound vowel nasal coda ŋ checked coda ʔ a ɑ 蝦 罷 ia iɑ 寫 夜 aŋ ɑŋ 三 汗 aʔ ɑʔ 盒 鴨 ɛ a 街 細 ie iɛ 雞 毅 iŋ ɛiŋ 人 任 øʔ œʔ 扔 嗝 œ ɔ 驢 告 iu ieu 秋 笑 uŋ ouŋ 春 鳳 eʔ ɛʔ 漬 咩 o ɔ 哥 抱 ua uɑ 花 話 yŋ øyŋ 銀 頌 oʔ ɔʔ 樂 閣 i ɛi 喜 氣 uo uɔ 科 課 iaŋ iɑŋ 驚 命 iʔ ɛiʔ 力 乙 u ou 苦 怒 yo yɔ 橋 銳 ieŋ iɛŋ 天 見 uʔ ouʔ 勿 福 y øy 豬 箸 ai ɑi 紙 再 uaŋ uɑŋ 歡 換 yʔ øyʔ 肉 竹 au ɑu 郊 校 uoŋ uɔŋ 王 象 iaʔ iɑʔ 擲 察 ɛu ɑu 溝 構 yoŋ yɔŋ 鄉 樣 ieʔ iɛʔ 熱 鐵 øy ɔy 催 罪 ɛiŋ aiŋ 恒 硬 uaʔ uɑʔ 活 法 uai uɑi 我 怪 ouŋ ɔuŋ 湯 寸 uoʔ uɔʔ 月 郭 ui uoi 杯 歲 øyŋ ɔyŋ 桶 洞 yoʔ yɔʔ 藥 弱 ɛiʔ aiʔ 賊 黑 ouʔ ɔuʔ 學 骨 øyʔ ɔyʔ 讀 角 many rimes come in pairs in the table above the one to the left represents a close rime 緊韻 while the second represents an open rime 鬆韻 the close open rimes are closely related with the tones see below tone edit these tones in isolation are as reported by tu 2006 11 and use the historic names from middle chinese no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 tone name dark level 陰平 light level 陽平 rising 上聲 dark departing 陰去 light departing 陽去 dark entering 陰入 light entering 陽入 rime type close rime close rime close rime open rime open rime open rime close rime tone contour 55 51 33 312 131 13 5 example hanzi 君 kuŋ 臺 tai 祖 tsu 去 kʰɔ 話 uɑ 福 houk̚ 掘 kuk̚ the relationship between tone and rime edit in the matsu dialect both the level tones 平聲 rising tone 上聲 and the light entering tone 陽入 should be read using close rimes 緊韻 both departing tones 去聲 and the dark entering tone 陰入 should be read with open rimes 鬆韻 the closeness or openness of the rime refers to the height of the vowel for example the vowel phoneme transcribed in bàng uâ cê as a̤ has two pronunciations ɛ as a close rime and a as an open rime the entering tone equivalent a̤h has two pronunciations close rime eʔ and open rime ɛʔ this is summarized in the following table tone name dark level light level rising dark departing light departing dark entering light entering tone contour 55 51 33 312 131 13 5 rime type close rime close rime close rime open rime open rime open rime close rime bàng uâ cê ă̤ à̤ ā̤ á̤ â̤ á̤h ă̤h pronunciation ɛ ɛ ɛ a a ɛʔ eʔ thus in a close rime tone such as dark level ă̤ should be pronounced as ɛ instead of a and in the open rime tone of light departing â̤ should be pronounced as a instead of ɛ sandhi and assimilation edit tone sandhi edit the matsu dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules in an utterance only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules the two syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below the rows give the first syllable s original citation tone while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable dark level 55 light level 51 light entering 5 rising 33 dark departing 312 light departing 131 dark entering 13 dark level 55 rising 33 light level 51 dark departing 312 rising 33 light level 51 light departing 131 rising 33 light level 51 dark entering b 13 rising 33 light level 51 rising 33 half dark departing 31 modified dark entering 13 with the tone value but not the entering coda ʔ dark level 55 dark entering a 13 half dark departing 31 ʔ the first syllable retains its entering coda ʔ dark entering 13 light entering 5 light level 51 rising 33 half dark departing 31 rising 33 half dark departing 31 light entering 5 rising 33 or rising ʔ light level 51 or light entering 5 in the table above dark entering a means a dark entering coda that ends with k̚ dark entering b refers to ending with ʔ in the modern spoken language the final plosive is difficult to distinguish in isolation having merged into ʔ but the two categories exhibit different behaviors from each other in tone sandhi environments this feature is shared with many modern eastern min varieties such as in fuzhou like the fuzhou dialect the tonal sandhi rules of more than two syllables display further complexities initial assimilation edit the two syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below coda of the former syllable initial assimilation of the latter syllable null coda p and pʰ change to β t tʰ and s l and n change to l ts and tsʰ change to ʒ k kʰ and h change to null initial m and ŋ remain unchanged nasal coda ŋ p and pʰ change to m t tʰ s l and n change to n ts and tsʰ change to ʒ k kʰ h and null initial change to ŋ m and ŋ remain unchanged entering coda ʔ k̚ remain unchanged rime tensing edit in the matsu dialect if the rime type of the former syllable is changed while tone sandhi occurred the rime of the former syllable should be changed to adapt the rule of close open rimes for example 技 kɛi is a syllable which has dark departing tone it s an open rime 師 sy has a dark level tone when combined as the phrase 技師 technician 技 changes its tonal value to rising tone rising tone is a close rime tone therefore the pronunciation as a whole is k i ly notes edit min is believed to have split from old chinese rather than middle chinese like other varieties of chinese 1 2 3 references edit mei tsu lin 1970 tones and prosody in middle chinese and the origin of the rising tone harvard journal of asiatic studies 30 86 110 doi 10 2307 2718766 jstor 2718766 pulleyblank edwin g 1984 middle chinese a study in historical phonology vancouver university of british columbia press p 3 isbn 978 0 7748 0192 8 hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin bank sebastian 2023 07 10 glottolog 4 8 min glottolog leipzig max planck institute for evolutionary anthropology doi 10 5281 zenodo 7398962 archived from the original on 2023 10 13 retrieved 2023 10 13 本土語言納中小學必修 潘文忠 將按語發法實施 in chinese 國家語言發展法 第二條 1 2 大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法 1 2 at the edge of state control the creation of the matsu islands taiwan insight university of nottingham taiwan studies programme 2021 09 13 retrieved 2023 05 21 大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法 全國法規資料庫 law moj gov tw in chinese retrieved 11 may 2025 大眾運輸工具除國語外 另應以閩南語 客家語播音 其他原住民語言之播音 由主管機關視當地原住民族族群背景及地方特性酌予增加 但馬祖地區應加播閩北 福州 語 wang pao chien 1 december 2023 the national language policy of taiwan language rights of the hakka indigenous and matsu minorities malaysian journal of chinese studies 12 2 doi 10 6993 mjcs 202312_12 2 0003 retrieved 11 may 2025 國家語言發展法 中華民國文化部 in chinese 11 january 2019 retrieved 11 may 2025 指臺灣各固有族群使用之自然語言及臺灣手語 1 2 杜 tu 佳倫 chia lun 2006 馬祖北竿方言音韻研究 master s dissertation in chinese taipei national taiwan university theses and dissertations repository retrieved 11 may 2025 further reading edit liu chia kuo li shih te lin chin yen chiu hsin fu liu hung wen chen kao chih ho kuang i yang ping hsun chen pao ming chen chih hsu yang ya hsin eds 2014 連江縣志 chronicle of lienchiang county lienchiang matsu government of lienchiang county isbn 9789860435450 external links edit in chinese fuzhou dialect textbook elementary school textbook in matsu in chinese another elementary school textbook in matsu in chinese 教師使用手冊下載 teaching resources for elementary school teachers of the matsu dialect in chinese an easy learning course in chinese 120 basic words and phrases in chinese differences in common vocabulary between the matsu dialect and the fuzhou dialect in chinese 馬祖閩東語本字檢索系統 mandarin matsu original character search system v t e min chinese languages eastern min houguan fuzhou dialect fuqing dialect changle dialect gutian dialect matsu dialect funing xiapu dialect fu an dialect ningde dialect others manjiang dialect zhongshan min longdu dialect nanlang dialect southern min teochew swatow dialect hokkien amoy dialect quanzhou dialects hui an dialect yongchun dialect zhangzhou dialects chawan dialect longyan dialect taiwanese banana colloquial speech northern malacca straits hokkien penang hokkien medan hokkien kelantan peranakan hokkien philippine hokkien southern malacca straits hokkien southern peninsular malaysian hokkien singaporean hokkien others datian min houlu dialect haklau min zhenan min zhongshan min sanxiang dialect pu xian min hinghwa putian dialect xianyou dialect northern min jian ou dialect jianyang dialect shao jiang min shaowu dialect jiangle dialect central min sanming dialect shaxian dialect yong an dialect leizhou min zhanjiang dialect hainanese haikou dialect wenchang dialect writing system logographic chinese characters alphabetic pe̍h ōe jī tâi lô phing im moe romanization taiwanese phonetic symbols bopomofo pe̍h ūe jī foochow romanized taiwanese language phonetic alphabet daighi tongiong pingim bbánlám pìngyīm hainan romanized hinghwa romanized kienning colloquial romanized peng im fuzhou transliteration scheme hainanese transliteration scheme mixed hàn lô research proto languages proto min rime dictionaries qi lin bayin jianzhou ba yin v t e languages of taiwan austronesian formosan atayalic atayal seediq truku rukaic rukai northern babuza favorlang taokas papora hoanya arikun lloa pazeh kaxabu kulon saisiyat thao east amis kavalan ketagalan basay luilang makatao qauqaut sakizaya siraya taivoan southern bunun paiwan puyuma tsouic kanakanavu saaroa tsou malayo polynesian batanic yami sino tibetan sinitic mandarin taiwanese mandarin junhua min southern taiwanese hokkien teochew min eastern fuzhounese matsu dialect pu xian putian dialect wuqiu dialect hakka taiwanese hakka sixian hailu dabu raoping zhao an japonic sign taiwan sign language auxiliary taiwanese braille other languages english cantonese wu shanghainese filipino japanese korean malay malaysian indonesian thai vietnamese yilan creole japanese retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title matsu_dialect oldid 1358311340 categories eastern min languages of taiwan matsu islands hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles with chinese language sources zh articles containing min dong chinese language text pages with plain ipa languages without glottolog code language articles with linguasphere code language articles with ietf language tag dialects of languages with iso 639 3 code languages without iso 639 3 code but with linguasphere code dialect articles with speakers set to unknown articles containing chinese language text articles containing traditional chinese language text cs1 chinese language sources zh cs1 uses chinese language script zh this page was last edited on 7 june 2026 at 22 37 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents matsu dialect 6 languages add topic