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equality social justice women s rights freedom of the press secular state history persian constitutional revolution iranian enlightenment women s rights movement in iran white revolution 1979 women s protests iranian reform movement green movement 2017 2018 iranian protests 2025 2026 iranian protests woman life freedom movement intellectuals malkam khan kasravi shariati shayegan soroush kadivar tabatabai jahanbegloo nafisi kar politicians mosaddegh rajavi bazargan bakhtiar sanjabi khatami khatami mohammad reza mousavi karroubi montazeri ebadi pezeshkian movements iranian women s movement iranian reform movement iranian green movement woman life freedom movement 1999 iranian student protests national front freedom movement of iran parties national council of resistance of iran iran party national front freedom movement of iran national democratic front society for the progress of iran social democratic party reformists islamic iran participation front executives of construction party union of islamic iran people party organisations iran human rights documentation center center for human rights in iran defenders of human rights center activists ebadi mohammadi alinejad kar sherkat nafisi behbahani related topics liberalism in iran socialism in iran iranian nationalism iranian opposition iranian reformists islamic democracy islamic modernism islamic feminism lgbtq rights in iran women s rights in iran human rights in iran woman life freedom politics portal iran portal v t e after his graduation bazargan became the head of the first engineering department at tehran university in the late 1940s he was a deputy minister under premier mohammad mosaddegh in the 1950s 17 bazargan served as the first iranian head of the national iranian oil company under the administration of prime minister mosaddegh 18 bazargan co founded the liberation movement of iran in 1961 17 a party similar in its program to mossadegh s national front although he accepted the shah mohammad reza pahlavi as the legitimate head of state he was jailed several times on political grounds a strong admirer of mahatma gandhi he praised gandhi s ideas and the indian independence movement in his writings in jail as an ideal example for iranians 19 20 iranian revolution edit on 4 february 1979 bazargan was appointed prime minister of iran by ayatollah ruhollah khomeini 21 22 he was seen as one of the democratic and liberal figureheads of the revolution who came into conflict with the more radical religious leaders including khomeini himself as the revolution progressed although pious bazargan initially disputed the name islamic republic wanting an islamic democratic republic 23 he had also been a supporter of the original non theocratic revolutionary draft constitution and opposed the assembly of experts for constitution and the constitution they wrote that was eventually adopted as iran s constitution seeing his government s lack of power in march 1979 he submitted his resignation to khomeini but persuaded him to stay 24 in april 1979 he and his cabinet members were reported to have escaped an assassination attempt while attending the funeral of mohammad vali gharani 25 bazargan resigned along with his cabinet on 4 november 1979 following the taking of hostages at the u s embassy 6 26 his resignation was considered a protest against the hostage taking and a recognition of his government s inability to free the hostages but it was also clear that his hopes for liberal democracy and an accommodation with the west would not prevail bazargan s cabinet bazargan continued in iranian politics as a member of the first parliament majles of the newly formed islamic republic he openly opposed the cultural revolution and continued to advocate civil rule and democracy in november 1982 he expressed his frustration with the direction the islamic revolution had taken in an open letter to the then speaker of parliament akbar hashemi rafsanjani the government has created an atmosphere of terror fear revenge and national disintegration what has the ruling elite done in nearly four years besides bringing death and destruction packing the prisons and the cemeteries in every city creating long queues shortages high prices unemployment poverty homeless people repetitious slogans and a dark future 27 bazargan with hashem sabbaghian yasser arafat and yadollah sahabi his term as a member of parliament lasted until 1984 8 during his term he served as a lawmaker of the freedom movement of iran which he had founded in 1961 and which was abolished in 1990 8 in 1985 the council of guardians denied bazargan s petition to run for president but he remained a fearless critic lashing out at the government for its hard line on the 1980 88 iran iraq war and at human rights violations in 1986 bazargan and several aides suffered a fresh ordeal kidnapped by radicals as a retaliation for their part in the formation of an association for the defense of freedom and sovereignty of the iranian nation the association was a feeble protest and suffered yet another setback in 1990 when government agents arrested his son abdolali and eight associates for their part in an open letter to president hashemi rafsanjani that called for democratic liberalization they were not freed until 1992 more likely he will be mourned by iranians used to seeing his father figure at religious gatherings associated with the democratic movement in iran 28 views edit bazargan was a respected figure within the ranks of modern muslim thinkers known as a representative of liberal democratic islamic thought 29 and a thinker who emphasized the necessity of constitutional and democratic policies 30 in the immediate aftermath of the revolution bazargan led a faction that opposed the revolutionary council dominated by the islamic republican party and personalities such as ayatollah mohammad hosseini beheshti 31 he opposed the continuation of the iran iraq war and the involvement of islamists in all aspects of politics economy and society consequently he faced harassment from militants and young revolutionaries within iran 32 attacks edit on 8 april 1978 bazargan s house in tehran was bombed 33 the underground committee for revenge ambiguous a reputed state financed organization claimed responsibility for the bombing 33 verification needed laws of social evolution edit bazargan is known for some of the earliest work in human thermodynamics as found in his 1946 chapter a physiological analysis of human thermodynamics and his 1956 book love and worship human thermodynamics the latter of which being written while in prison in which he attempted to show that religion and worship are a byproduct of evolution as explained in english naturalist charles darwin s on the origin of species 1859 and that the true laws of society are based on the laws of thermodynamics death edit bazargan died of a heart attack on 20 january 1995 at a hospital in zurich switzerland after collapsing at zurich airport 8 he was travelling to the united states for heart surgery 8 personal life edit bazargan married malak tabatabai in 1939 9 they had five children two sons and three daughters 9 see also edit bazargan chronology intellectual movements in iran iranian committee for the defense of freedom and human rights religious nationalists references edit abrahamian ervand 1982 iran between two revolutions princeton university press pp 190 191 isbn 0 691 10134 5 afshari reza 2011 human rights in iran the abuse of cultural relativism university of pennsylvania press p 358 isbn 9780812201055 bahman bakhtiari 1996 parliamentary politics in revolutionary iran the institutionalization of factional politics university press of florida p 69 isbn 0813014611 chehabi houchang 1995 a knife without a blade between states interim governments in democratic transitions cambridge university press p 132 isbn 978 0 521 48498 5 abrahamian ervand 2013 the political history of modern iran cambridge university press p 377 1 2 godsel geoffrey 9 november 1979 bazargan resignation increases iran risks to american hostages the deseret news retrieved 9 november 2012 the rising tide of cultural pluralism the nation state at bay crawford young p 127 1993 1 2 3 4 5 mehdi bazargan former iran premier dies the new york times 21 january 1995 retrieved 9 november 2012 1 2 3 4 barzin saeed 21 january 1995 mehdi bazargan the guardian archived from the original on 12 may 2022 retrieved 22 august 2013 biography mehdi bazargan bbc persian 2009 vakili zad cyrus spring 1990 organization leadership and revolution religiously oriented opposition in the iranian revolution of 1978 1979 conflict quarterly 5 25 retrieved 13 february 2013 sahimi muhammad 6 august 2009 if i confess tehran bureau via pbs retrieved 18 october 2012 boroujerdi mehrzad 1996 iranian intellectuals and the west the tormented triumph of nativism syracuse university press p 190 isbn 9780815604334 retrieved 18 october 2012 mehdi bazargan encyclopædia britannica retrieved 18 october 2012 dabashi hamid 2006 theology of discontent the ideological foundation of the islamic revolution in iran transaction publishers p 327 isbn 1 4128 0516 3 chehabi houchang esfandiar 1986 modernist shi ism and politics the liberation movement of iran phd dissertation vol i ii yale university p 204 asin b0007cavdc 1 2 iran s political elite united states institute of peace 11 october 2010 archived from the original on 28 october 2010 retrieved 28 july 2013 kinzer stephen 2003 all the shah s men an american coup and the roots of middle east terror hoboken n j john wiley sons pp 93 94 isbn 0471265179 reframing the implications of knowledge of history philosophy and socio political science in the prospect of democratisation in iran pdf griffith university p 222 dabashi h 2012 shi ism a religion of protest harvard university press p 272 isbn 978 0 674 05875 0 martin richard c ed 2003 encyclopedia of islam and the muslim world vol 1 macmillan reference usa p 106 isbn 9780028656045 nikou semira n timeline of iran s political events united states institute of peace archived from the original on 28 october 2010 retrieved 27 july 2013 abrahamian ervand 2008 history of modern iran cambridge university press isbn 9780521821391 bazargan talked out of resigning the palm beach post tehran 10 march 1979 retrieved 9 november 2012 permanent dead link branigin william 25 april 1979 reports of attack on prime minister set tehran on edge the washington post retrieved 2 november 2019 rakel eva patricia 2008 the iranian political elite state and society relations and foreign relations since the islamic revolution university of amsterdam khomenin s grip appears at its tightest the new york times 21 november 1982 iranian democrat mehdi bazargan dies united press international 20 january 1995 retrieved 17 september 2026 mahdavi mojtaba 2004 islamic forces of the iranian revolution a critique of cultural essentialism iran analysis quarterly 2 2 archived from the original on 14 september 2021 retrieved 22 july 2007 barzin saeed 1994 constitutionalism and democracy in the religious ideology of mehdi bazargan british journal of middle eastern studies 21 1 85 101 doi 10 1080 13530199408705593 jstor 195568 behrooz maziar october 1994 factionalism in iran under khomeini middle eastern studies 27 4 597 614 doi 10 1080 00263209108700879 jstor 4283464 leicht justus 20 november 2001 mass trial of opposition group in iran world socialist website 1 2 nikazmerad nicholas m 1980 a chronological survey of the iranian revolution iranian studies 13 1 4 327 368 doi 10 1080 00210868008701575 jstor 4310346 further reading edit jahanbakhsh forough 2011 bāzargān mahdī in fleet kate krämer gudrun matringe denis nawas john rowson everett eds encyclopaedia of islam 3rd ed brill online issn 1873 9830 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to mehdi bazargan mehdi bazargan speech on democracy and election on youtube political offices preceded by shapour bakhtiar prime minister of iran 1979 succeeded by mohammad ali rajai preceded by karim sanjabi foreign affairs minister of iran 1979 succeeded by ebrahim yazdi party political offices preceded by none secretary general of freedom movement of iran 1961 1995 succeeded by ebrahim yazdi v t e prime ministers of iran list qajar monarchy 1907 1925 afkham atabak moshir al saltaneh naser ol molk nezam as saltaneh moshir al saltaneh sa d al dowleh tonekaboni mostowfi tonekaboni samsam al saltaneh ala ol saltaneh mostowfi pirnia eyn ed dowleh mostowfi farman farma tonekaboni vosugh ala ol saltaneh eyn ed dowleh mostowfi samsam al saltaneh vosugh pirnia fathollah khan akbar tabatabaee qavam pirnia qavam mostowfi pirnia reza khan pahlavi monarchy 1925 1979 foroughi mostowfi hedayat foroughi djam matin daftari a mansur foroughi soheili qavam soheili sa ed bayat hakimi sadr hakimi qavam hekmat hakimi hazhir sa ed a mansur razmara fahimi ala mosaddegh qavam mosaddegh zahedi ala eghbal sharif emami amini alam h mansur hoveyda amouzegar sharif emami azhari bakhtiar islamic republic 1979 present bazargan rajai bahonar mahdavi kani mousavi post abolished in 1989 acting v t e political prisoners in iran prison former and current political prisoners in iran activists abbas lisani abbasali panbehi alireza farshi ali asghar gharavi ali shariati amir abbas fakhravar amir khorram atena daemi azar mansouri habib afkari raheleh ahmadi maryam akbari monfared pakhshan azizi zahra bahrami emad bahavar esmail bakhshi mahmudali chehregani golrokh ebrahimi iraee parvaneh forouhar kouhyar goudarzi zeynab jalalian vida hajebi tabrizi saeed hajjarian leila hosseinzadeh soheila hejab jafar kazemi amir khosrow dalirsani dhabihu llah mahrami mohammad maleki farideh mashini mohsen mirdamadi ahmad moftizadeh narges mohammadi abdollah momeni youcef nadarkhani sharifeh mohammadi shiva nazar ahari keyvan rafiee alireza rajaei arash sadeghi mahan sadrat fatemeh sepehri kavous seyed emami reza shahabi jamshid sharmahd ghasem sholeh saadi majid tavakoli habibollah peyman sayed ziaoddin nabavi actors taraneh alidoosti hengameh ghaziani katayoun riahi artists atena farghadani amir emad mirmirani athletes voria ghafouri ali akbar heidari mohammad karimi hossein mahini amir reza nasr azadani navid afkari bloggers soheil arabi sattar beheshti doctors nasser fahimi gholam hossein sa edi mohammad ali taheri salamullah javid filmmakers keywan karimi jafar panahi mahnaz mohammadi mohammad nourizad hossein rajabian mohammad rasoulof journalists bahman ahmadi amouee mahsa amrabadi ahmad batebi masoud bastani abdolali bazargan mohammad ghouchani niloofar hamedi adnan hassanpour zahra kazemi masoud lavasani saeed laylaz elaheh mohammadi sam mahmoudi said matinpour kasra nouri siamak pourzand hossein rafiee taghi rahmani roxana saberi majid saeedi cecilia sala faraj sarkohi kianush sanjari mohsen sazegara mohammad seddigh kaboudvand hengameh shahidi mashallah shamsolvaezin heshmat tabarzadi roya toloui nazanin zaghari...