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move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia prominent architectural features of ancient mesoamerican civilizations for a list of pyramids see list of mesoamerican pyramids el castillo chichen itza mesoamerican pyramids form a prominent part of ancient mesoamerican architecture although similar in some ways to egyptian pyramids these structures have flat tops many with temples on the top and stairs ascending their faces more similar to ancient mesopotamian ziggurats 1 2 most pyramids had square bases but there were also pyramids of other shapes including rounded ones 3 the largest pyramid in the world by volume is the great pyramid of cholula in the east central mexican state of puebla the builders of certain classic mesoamerican pyramids have decorated them copiously with stories about the hero twins the feathered serpent quetzalcoatl mesoamerican creation myths ritualistic sacrifice etc written in the form of maya script on the rises of the steps of the pyramids on the walls and on the sculptures contained within 4 aztec pyramids edit santa cecilia acatitlan pyramid the aztecs dominated central mexico in the 14th 15th and 16th centuries 5 their capital was tenochtitlan on the shore of lake texcoco the site of modern day mexico city they were related to the preceding cultures in the basin of mexico such as the culture of teotihuacan whose building style they adopted and adapted 6 sites involving aztec pyramids include el tepozteco malinalco santa cecilia acatitlan templo mayor tenayuca tenochtitlan maya pyramids edit edzna the maya are a people of southern mexico and northern central america guatemala belize western honduras and el salvador 7 archaeological evidence shows that by the preclassic maya 1000 b c approximately 3 000 years ago they were building pyramidal plaza ceremonial architecture 8 the earliest monuments consisted of simple burial mounds the precursors to the spectacular stepped pyramids from the terminal pre classic period and beyond 9 mayan temples have a pyramid like structure these pyramids relied on intricate carved stone in order to create a stair stepped design 10 many of these structures featured a top platform upon which a smaller dedicatory building was constructed associated with a particular maya deity maya pyramid like structures were also erected to serve as a place of interment for powerful rulers maya pyramidal structures occur in a great variety of forms and functions bounded by regional and periodical differences 11 aguateca altun ha bonampak calakmul caracol chichen itza coba copan dos pilas edzna el mirador el tigre la danta kaminaljuyu lamanai los monos lubaantun mayapan mixco viejo moral reforma nim li punit palenque temple of the inscriptions san andrés el salvador tazumal tikal tikal temple i tikal temple ii tikal temple iii tikal temple iv tikal temple v lost world pyramid talud tablero temple tonina uxmal yaxchilan yaxha xunantunich olmecs edit the olmecs were an ancient group of indigenous peoples that occupied territory in mesoamerica stretching from veracruz to tabasco around 1300 400 bce 12 the olmec great pyramid of la venta is argued to be one of the earliest and most complex settlement and ceremonial sites that can be found amongst mesoamerican civilizations 12 la venta purépechans edit the tarascan state was a pre columbian culture located in the modern day mexican state of michoacán the region is currently inhabited by the modern descendants of the purépecha purépechan architecture is noted for t shaped step pyramids known as yácatas 13 tzintzuntzan teotihuacan edit pyramid of the sun the teotihuacan civilization which flourished from around 300 bce to 500 ce at its greatest extent included most of mesoamerica 14 teotihuacano culture collapsed around 550 and was followed by several large city states such as xochicalco whose inhabitants were probably of matlatzinca ethnicity cholula whose inhabitants were probably oto manguean and later the ceremonial site of tula which has traditionally been claimed to have been built by toltecs but which now is thought to have been founded by the huastec culture 15 el castillo and high priest s temple in chichen itza pyramids of the sun the moon and temple of the feathered serpent in teotihuacan xochicalco talud tablero toltec edit the site called tula the toltec capital in the state of mexico is one of the best preserved five tier pyramids in mesoamerican civilization the ground plan of the site has two pyramids pyramid b and pyramid c 16 the toltec empire lasted from around 700 to 1100 17 although the origin of the toltec empire is a mystery they are said to have migrated mexico s northern plateau until they set up their empire s capital in central mexico called tula which is 70 km 40 mi northwest of modern day mexico city when the city of tula was in its prime it had around 40 000 people living in it and the city flourished from 900 to 1100 18 the city of tula had a main plaza surrounded by 2 pyramids and a ritual ball court 18 the most popular pyramid on this site pyramid b is the pyramid of quetzalcoatl which is a five tiered pyramid with four giant carved pillars on top the pyramid of quetzalcoatl was named after a story of a legendary priest also named quetzalcoatl who was exiled from tula around the year 1000 he is said to have ended warfare between mayan city states and after that the toltecs started worshiping quetzalcoatl 17 classic veracruz edit el tajín the best known classic veracruz pyramid the pyramid of niches in el tajín is smaller than those of their neighbors and successors but more intricate 19 el tajín zapotecs edit the zapotecs were one of the earliest mesoamerican cultures and held sway over the valley of oaxaca region from the early first millennium bce to about the 14th century 20 monte albán mitla lencans edit historians divide the lenca chronology into two the preclassic proto lencas and the later lencas as we known today 21 los naranjos yarumela tenampúa quelepa chalchihuites edit the following site is from the modern day state of zacatecas built by cultures whose ethnic affiliations are unknown votive pyramid at la quemada a great quantity of buildings were constructed on artificial terraces upon the slopes of a la quemada the materials used here include stone slab and clay the most important structures are the hall of columns the ball court the votive pyramid and the palace and the barracks on the most elevated part of the hill is the fortress this is composed of a small pyramid and a platform encircled by a wall that is more than 800m long and up to six feet high la quemada was occupied from 800 to 1200 their founders and occupants have not been identified with certainty but probably belonged to either the chalchihuites culture or that of the neighboring malpaso culture 22 the debate over olmec architectural influence edit modern archaeological scholarly thinking has been revising the concept of the olmecs as diffusing the majority of cultural influence in regards to architectural similarities between various mesoamerican pyramids the debate between the mother and sister culture models edit the origin of the term mother culture in regards to mesoamerica entered into the mesoamerican historiographical lexicon in 1942 from archaeologist alfonso caso denoting that the oimecs were the cultura madre 23 the mother culture model argues that there was one defining culture the olmecs from where therein coexisting mesoamerican societies derived a significant portion of fundamental societal and cultural facets the sister culture model argues that the olmecs were not the sole undeviating source of cultural diffusion for other mesoamerican civilizations but rather a segment in ongoing cultural diffusion in mesoamerica further progression of the debate has evolved into costly signaling theory which argues that mesoamerican cultures were influenced by prestigious displays which manifested amongst other things in their architecture 24 another key facet of the debate questioned the application of the term mother culture and argues that contemporary mesoamerican civilizations were functional without olmec influence and describing the olmecs as the mother culture robs the olmecs and the other civilizations of their agency 25 evidence for edit mayan edit in 2013 archaeological research done on the ancient mayan city of ceibal have hypothesized that the olmecs had significantly lesser prominence in regards to shared architectural characteristics 26 this is supported by evidence in the form of radiocarbon dating that was found at ceibal pointing to a flux between a plethora of mesoamerican cultures somewhere between 1150 bce and 850 bce in which a continued diffusion of culture occurred 27 this evidence suggests multidirectional influence in regards to the dissemination of pyramid architecture amongst mesoamerican civilizations ceibal see also edit wikimedia commons has media related to mesoamerican pyramids mesoamerican architecture platform mound south american pyramids step pyramid triadic pyramid ziggurat references edit feder kenneth l 2010 encyclopedia of dubious archaeology from atlantis to the walam olum from atlantis to the walam olum abc clio p 34 isbn 9780313379192 retrieved 17 march 2019 takacs sarolta anna cline eric h 2015 the ancient world routledge p 16 isbn 9781317458395 retrieved 17 march 2019 unusual pyramids in mexico rounded and irregular shapes with hidden meanings mexican routes 2025 09 09 koontz rex 2013 mexico from the olmecs to the aztecs new york thames and hudson isbn 9780500290767 the aztecs mexicas indians org retrieved 2006 12 27 king heidi 2004 tenochtitlan heilbrunn timeline of art history new york the metropolitan museum of art retrieved 14 august 2021 williams victoria 2020 indigenous peoples an encyclopedia of culture history and threats to survival santa barbara california abc clio p 722 isbn 9781440861185 ferguson william m 2001 mesoamerica s ancient cities aerial views of pre columbian ruins in mexico guatemala belize and honduras rev ed albuquerque university of new mexico press isbn 9780826328007 retrieved 15 august 2021 wicke charles r april 1965 pyramids and temple mounds mesoamerican ceremonial architecture in eastern north america american antiquity 30 4 409 420 doi 10 2307 277940 jstor 277940 s2cid 161286348 retrieved 15 august 2021 joyce thomas athol 1922 the archaeological heritage of mexico new world review and pan ameri can magazine 35 197 203 retrieved 15 august 2021 werner michael s ed 2001 concise encyclopedia of mexico chicago fitzroy dearborn p 813 isbn 9781135973773 retrieved 15 august 2021 1 2 columbia electronic encyclopedia 6th edition ebsco columbia university press 2020 isbn 978 0 7876 5015 5 oclc 1149280662 yahya nazry bin january 28 2021 the golden ages of the dark ages singapore partridge publishing isbn 9781543762792 retrieved 15 august 2021 cartwright mark february 17 2015 teotihuacan world history encyclopedia retrieved 15 august 2021 cowgill george l 2013 possible migrations and shifting identities in the central mexican epiclassic ancient mesoamerica 24 1 131 49 doi 10 1017 s0956536113000060 jstor 26300635 s2cid 162328949 retrieved 15 august 2021 coe michael d 2013 mexico from the olmecs to the aztecs new york new york thames and hudson pp 170 176 isbn 978 0 500 29076 7 cite book cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 toltec builder the hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide abington uk helicon 2018 archived from the original on 2023 06 11 via credo reference 1 2 tula or tollan pdf the hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide abington uk helicon 2018 archived from the original pdf on 2023 06 12 via credo reference cartwright mark january 27 2015 el tajin world history encyclopedia retrieved 15 august 2021 historic centre of oaxaca and archaeological site of monte albán unesco retrieved 15 august 2021 voorhies barbara december 2005 ancient mexico and central america archaeology and culture history susan toby evans thames and hudson london 2004 502 pp bib 70 00 cloth 50 00 paper latin american antiquity 16 4 473 doi 10 2307 30042512 issn 1045 6635 jstor 30042512 s2cid 165090398 kelly joyce 2001 an archaeological guide to central and southern mexico norman university of oklahoma press pp 30 2 isbn 0 8061 3349 x esta gran cultura que encontramos en niveles antiguos es sin duda madre de otras culturas como la maya la teotihuacana la zapoteca la de el tajín y otras this great culture which we encounter in ancient levels is without a doubt mother of other cultures like the maya the teotihuacana the zapotec that of el tajin and others caso 1942 p 46 neff hector 2011 evolution of the mesoamerican mother culture ancient mesoamerica 22 1 107 122 16 pages doi 10 1017 s0956536111000150 jstor 26309551 s2cid 145389188 professor s research rocks mesoamerican cultural theory www2 gwu edu retrieved 2022 12 06 inomata takeshi triadan daniela aoyama kazuo castillo victor yonenobu hitoshi 2013 early ceremonial constructions at ceibal guatemala and the origins of lowland maya civilization science 340 6131 467 471 bibcode 2013sci 340 467i doi 10 1126 science 1234493 pmid 23620050 s2cid 29520487 via science org pringle heather 2013 deep dig shows maya architecture arose independently of olmec s science 340 6131 417 doi 10 1126 science 340 6131 417 issn 0036 8075 jstor 41942620 pmid 23620025 external links edit look up mesoamerican pyramids in wiktionary the free dictionary meso american pyramids photos and descriptions of yaxha tonina edzna el mirador and other meso american pyramids v t e native american architecture styles inca muisca neo andean mesoamerican aztec maya puuc río bec east coast of quintana roo mayan revival pueblo revival deco territorial territorial revival building types barabara corn crib chickee earth lodge guachimontón hogan igloo jacal kiva longhouse maloca mesoamerican pyramids teocalli triadic twin pyramids oca plank house pukara qargi qarmaq quiggly hole qullqa ramada ruka shabono sweat lodge inipi temazcal tambo tipi tupiq wigwam structures ballcourt chultun cuel e group moki steps platform mound rope bridge sacbe ushnu elements ashlar corbel arch roof comb sascab sipapu talud tablero coatepantli other topics mohawk skywalkers retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title mesoamerican_pyramids oldid 1373453927 categories mesoamerican pyramids mesoamerican architecture architectural styles archaeological sites in mexico buildings and structures in mesoamerica hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata cs1 maint multiple na...