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ata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia programming paradigm this article is about the computer programming technique for the management technique see charles simonyi this article has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources metaprogramming news newspapers books scholar jstor august 2011 learn how and when to remove this message this article s style of writing may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on wikipedia see wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions february 2017 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message metaprogramming is a computer programming technique in which computer programs have the ability to treat other programs as their data it means that a program can be designed to read generate analyse or transform other programs and even modify itself while running 1 2 in some cases this allows programmers to minimize the number of lines of code to express a solution in turn reducing development time 3 it also allows programs more flexibility to efficiently handle new situations with no recompiling metaprogramming can be used to move computations from runtime to compile time to generate code using compile time computations and to enable self modifying code the ability of a programming language to be its own metalanguage allows reflective programming and is termed reflection 4 reflection is a valuable language feature to facilitate metaprogramming metaprogramming was popular in the 1970s and 1980s using list processing languages such as lisp lisp machine hardware gained some notice in the 1980s and enabled applications that could process code they were often used for artificial intelligence applications approaches edit metaprogramming enables developers to write programs and develop code that falls under the generic programming paradigm having the programming language itself as a first class data type as in lisp prolog snobol or rebol is also very useful this is known as homoiconicity generic programming invokes a metaprogramming facility within a language by allowing one to write code without the concern of specifying data types since they can be supplied as parameters when used metaprogramming usually works in one of three ways 5 the first approach is to expose the internals of the runtime system engine to the programming code through application programming interfaces apis like that for the net common intermediate language cil emitter the second approach is dynamic execution of expressions that contain programming commands often composed from strings but can also be from other methods using arguments or context like javascript 6 thus programs can write programs although both approaches can be used in the same language most languages tend to lean toward one or the other the third approach is to step outside the language entirely general purpose program transformation systems such as compilers which accept language descriptions and carry out arbitrary transformations on those languages are direct implementations of general metaprogramming this allows metaprogramming to be applied to virtually any target language without regard to whether that target language has any metaprogramming abilities of its own one can see this at work with scheme and how it allows tackling some limits faced in c by using constructs that are part of the scheme language to extend c 7 lisp is probably the quintessential language with metaprogramming facilities both because of its historical precedence and because of the simplicity and power of its metaprogramming in lisp metaprogramming the unquote operator typically a comma introduces code that is evaluated at program definition time rather than at run time the metaprogramming language is thus identical to the host programming language and existing lisp routines can be directly reused for metaprogramming if desired this approach has been implemented in other languages by incorporating an interpreter in the program which works directly with the program s data there are implementations of this kind for some common high level languages such as remobjects pascal script for object pascal usages edit code generation edit a simple example of a metaprogram is this posix shell script which is an example of generative programming bin sh metaprogram echo bin sh program for i in seq 992 do echo echo i program done chmod x program this script or program generates a new 993 line program that prints out the numbers 1 992 this is only an illustration of how to use code to write more code it is not the most efficient way to print out a list of numbers nonetheless a programmer can write and execute this metaprogram in less than a minute and will have generated over 1000 lines of code in that amount of time a quine is a special kind of metaprogram that produces its own source code as its output quines are generally of recreational or theoretical interest only not all metaprogramming involves generative programming if programs are modifiable at runtime or if incremental compiling is available such as in c forth frink groovy javascript lisp elixir lua nim perl php python rebol ruby rust r sas smalltalk and tcl then techniques can be used to perform metaprogramming without generating source code one style of generative approach is to employ domain specific languages dsls a fairly common example of using dsls involves generative metaprogramming lex and yacc two tools used to generate lexical analysers and parsers let the user describe the language using regular expressions and context free grammars and embed the complex algorithms required to efficiently parse the language code instrumentation edit one usage of metaprogramming is to instrument programs in order to do dynamic program analysis challenges edit some argue that there is a sharp learning curve to make complete use of metaprogramming features 8 since metaprogramming gives more flexibility and configurability at runtime misuse or incorrect use of metaprogramming can result in unwarranted and unexpected errors that can be extremely difficult to debug to an average developer it can introduce risks in the system and make it more vulnerable if not used with care some of the common problems which can occur due to wrong use of metaprogramming are inability of the compiler to identify missing configuration parameters invalid or incorrect data can result in unknown exception or different results 9 due to this some believe 8 that only high skilled developers should work on developing features which exercise metaprogramming in a language or platform and average developers must learn how to use these features as part of convention uses in programming languages edit macro systems edit main article macro computer science lisp most dialects clojure common lisp racket scheme hygienic macros macroml template haskell scala nim rust haxe julia elixir macro assemblers edit main article macro assembler the ibm 360 and derivatives had powerful macro assembler facilities that were often used to generate complete assembly language programs citation needed or sections of programs for different operating systems for instance macros provided with cics transaction processing system had assembler macros that generated cobol statements as a pre processing step other assemblers such as masm also support macros metaclasses edit main article metaclass metaclasses are provided by the following programming languages common lisp 10 python nil groovy ruby smalltalk lua template metaprogramming edit main article template metaprogramming c using x macros c using templates 11 d common lisp scheme and most lisp dialects by using the quasiquote backquote operator 12 nim staged metaprogramming edit main article multi stage programming metaml metaocaml scala natively or using the lightweight modular staging framework 13 14 terra dependent types edit main article dependent type use of dependent types allows proving that generated code is never invalid 15 however this approach is leading edge and rarely found outside of research programming languages implementations edit the list of notable metaprogramming systems is maintained at list of program transformation systems see also edit aspect weaver comparison of code generation tools compile time function execution genetic programming homoiconicity instruction set simulator interpreted language machine learning metacompiler metaobject partial evaluation reflective programming also compile time reflection self interpreter self modifying code source code generation transcompiler also known as transpilation very large scale integration halting problem references edit sondergaard harald 2013 course on program analysis and transformation retrieved 18 september 2014 czarnecki krzysztof eisenecker ulrich w 2000 generative programming addison wesley isbn 0 201 30977 7 walker max the art of metaprogrmming in java new circle retrieved 28 january 2014 krauss aaron programming concepts type introspection and reflection archived from the original on 10 march 2016 retrieved 10 march 2016 joshi prateek 5 april 2014 what is metaprogramming part 2 2 perpetual enigma retrieved 14 august 2014 for example instance_eval in ruby takes a string or an anonymous function class basicobject ruby 3 5 art of metaprogramming ibm 1 2 bicking ian the challenge of metaprogramming ianbicking org retrieved 21 september 2016 terry matt 21 august 2013 beware of metaprogramming medium com medium corporation retrieved 21 august 2014 through common lisp object system s meta object protocol c template metaprogramming aszt inf elte hu retrieved 2022 07 23 lisp programming language self evaluating forms and quoting quasi quote operator lms program generation and embedded compilers in scala scala lms github io retrieved 2017 12 06 rompf tiark odersky martin june 2012 lightweight modular staging a pragmatic approach to runtime code generation and compiled dsls communications of the acm 55 6 121 130 doi 10 1145 2184319 2184345 issn 0001 0782 s2cid 52898203 chlipala adam june 2010 ur statically typed metaprogramming with type level record computation pdf acm sigplan notices pldi 10 45 6 122 133 doi 10 1145 1809028 1806612 retrieved 29 august 2012 external links edit c2 com wiki metaprogramming article meta programming on the program transformation wiki code generation vs metaprogramming solenoid the first metaprogramming framework for exist db this article may require cleanup to meet wikipedia s quality standards the specific problem is archive org link links to unrelated maybe spam site unclear if legitimate bit rot or malice please help improve this article if you can april 2025 learn how and when to remove this message v t e programming paradigms imperative structured jackson structures block structured modular non structured procedural programming in the large and in the small design by contract invariant based nested function object oriented class based prototype based object based agent immutable object persistent uniform function call syntax declarative functional recursive anonymous function partial application higher order higher order function purely functional total strict gadts dependent types functional logic point free style expression oriented applicative concatenative function level value level monad dataflow flow based reactive functional reactive signals streams synchronous logic abductive logic answer set constraint constraint logic inductive logic nondeterministic ontology probabilistic logic query domain specific language dsl algebraic modeling array automata based action command spacecraft differentiable end user grammar oriented interface description language oriented list comprehension low code modeling natural language non english based page description pipes and filters probabilistic quantum scientific scripting set theoretic simulation stack based system tactile templating transformation graph rewriting production pattern visual concurrent parallel actor based automatic mutual exclusion choreographic programming concurrent logic concurrent constraint logic concurrent oo macroprogramming multitier programming organic computing parallel programming models partitioned global address space process oriented relativistic programming service oriented structured concurrency metaprogramming attribute oriented automatic inductive dynamic extensible generic homoiconicity interactive macro hygienic metalinguistic abstraction multi stage program synthesis bayesian by demonstration by example vibe coding reflective self modifying code symbolic template separation of concerns aspects components data driven data oriented event driven features literate roles subjects comparisons lists comparison multi paradigm object oriented functional list oo by type v t e types of programming languages level machine assembly compiled interpreted low level high level very high level esoteric generation first second third fourth fifth v t e meta domains and methods meta analysis metabibliography metaclass semantic web metacognition meta learning metamemory meta communication metacomputing metadata metadesign metadiscourse meta emotion metamood metafiction metagaming metagenomics metaheuristic metahumor metaknowledge metalanguage metapragmatics metasemantics metasyntax metalinguistics metamaterials metamedia metamodeling metamodernism metamotivation metanarrative metaobject meta optimization meta organization metaphenomics metapolitics metapopulation metaprogramming metapsychiatry metapsychology metapuzzle meta reference meta regulation meta system metatheorem metatheory metaverse metascience domains metahistory metamathematics metasociology philosophy 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