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w mexico city the group was also known as the culhua mexica in recognition of its kinship alliance with the neighboring culhua descendants of the revered toltecs who occupied the toltec capital of tula for several centuries the mexica of tenochtitlan were additionally referred to as the tenochca a term associated with the name of their altepetl city state tenochtitlan and tenochtitlan s founding leader tenoch 5 6 the builders of the city are references to different names azteca mexica or tenochca in the most reliable sources indicating that a number of different indigenous tribes settled in the area within different primary sources 6 7 the name aztec was coined by alexander von humboldt who combined aztlán place of the heron their mythic homeland and tec atl people of 5 the term aztec today often refers exclusively to the mexica people of tenochtitlan mēxihcah tenochcah a tribal designation referring only to the mexica of tenochtitlan excluding those of tlatelolco or cōlhuah 8 9 nb 1 nb 2 the term aztec is often used very broadly to refer not only to the mexica but also to the nahuatl speaking peoples of the valley of mexico and neighboring regions 5 10 history edit huitzilopochtli the patron god of the mexica as depicted in the codex telleriano remensis after the decline of the toltecs about 1200 ce various nahua speaking nomadic peoples entered the valley of mexico possibly all from aztlan the location of which is unknown 11 the mexica were the last group to arrive 12 there they encountered the remnants of the toltec empire hicks 2008 weaver 1972 13 according to legend the mexica were searching for a sign that one of their main gods huitzilopochtli had given them they were to find an eagle with a snake in its beak perched on a prickly pear cactus and build their city there 5 eventually they came to lake texcoco where they finally saw the eagle and cactus on an island in the lake there they took refuge naming their settlement tenochtitlan among the stone prickly pear cactus fruit 5 tenochtitlan was founded in 1325 but other researchers and anthropologists believe the year to be 1345 5 the city was described by conquistador bernal díaz del castillo as a grand well ordered metropolis 14 a dissident group of mexica separated from the main body and built another city on an island north of tenochtitlan in 1337 calling their new home tlatelolco place of the spherical earth mound the tlatelolca were to become tenochtitlan s persistent rivals in the valley of mexico 15 after the rise of the aztec triple alliance the tenochca mexica the inhabitants of tenochtitlan assumed a dominant position over their two allied city states texcoco and tlacopan the mexica dominated the political landscape in central mexico from only a few years after tenochtitlan was founded until being defeated by the spanish and their indigenous allies mainly enemies of the mexica in 1519 13 once established in tenochtitlan the mexica built grand temples for different purposes the templo mayor main temple and nearby buildings are rich in the symbolism of aztec cosmology that linked rain and fertility warfare sacrifice and imperialism with the sacred mission to preserve the sun and the cosmic order 16 the templo mayor was the site of large scale sacrifices of enemy warriors which served intertwined political and religious ends berdan 1982 111 119 carrasco 1991 16 the templo mayor was a double pyramid temple dedicated to tlaloc the ancient central mexican rain god and huitzilopochtli the mexica tribal nomen who as the politically dominant deity in mexico was associated with the sun 17 over time the mexica separated huitzilopochtli from tezcatlipoca another god that was more predominantly idolized redefining their relative realms of power reshaping the myths and making him politically superior 18 the mexica were overthrown by the tlaxcaltec spanish alliance in 1521 5 the area was expanded upon in the wake of the spanish conquest of the aztec empire and administered from the former aztec capital as new spain the city of tenochitlan was destroyed and the treasures stolen by the victorious spanish and tlaxcaltec soldiers though not nearly as much gold was found as the spanish had hoped for 19 many mexica women were kidnapped and raped by the invaders with the higher ranking soldiers taking the more attractive women for themselves 20 better source needed forbidden from resettling in their destroyed home which was rebuilt as mexico city the mexica were forced to submit to the king of spain receive baptism and convert to christianity mexica rituals and worship were banned and harshly suppressed and the images of their gods were cast down and destroyed by spanish monks 21 mexica children were forcibly taken to newly established christian schools where they were indoctrinated into christian beliefs and spanish culture and the surviving mexica men and women were sent to work in newly established spanish estates known as haciendas as well as mines and other civil projects such as digging canals some of the remaining military and nobility including the last emperor cuauhtémoc were conscripted to assist in further spanish invasions such as in guatemala to prevent any possibility of insurrection 22 however the sincerity of the mexica conversion to christianity was questioned by some of the spanish missionaries such as the monk bernardino de sagagún who wrote during an epidemic in 1576 that he was doubtful of a permanent christian presence in mexico a s regards the catholic faith mexico is a sterile land and very laborious to cultivate where the catholic faith has very shallow roots and with much labor little fruit is produced and from little cause that which is planted and cultivated withers it seems to me the catholic faith can endure little time in these parts and now in the time of this plague having tested the faith of those who come to confess very few respond properly prior to the confession thus we can be certain that though preached to more than fifty years if they were now left alone if the spanish nation were not to intercede i am certain that in less than fifty years there would be no trace of the preaching which has been done for them 23 as a result of their defeat subjugation overwork and numerous waves of epidemics the mexica population declined dramatically dropping perhaps as much as 90 by 1600 24 this number had recovered somewhat by 1821 but following mexican independence mexica and other indigenous peoples once again found themselves marginalized by government policy which sought to minimize indigenous mexican culture in favor of a blended spanish mexican heritage 25 although mexica names were largely suppressed during the colonial period as they were associated with pre christian beliefs they experienced a revival in the 19th century following mexican independence since then names such as montezuma cuauhtémoc and tenoch as first names and surnames have become more prevalent in mexican culture and among mexican immigrant communities abroad such as in the united states 26 in the 21st century the mexican government does not recognize ethnicity by ancestry but by language spoken making the number of mexica or mexica descendants in mexico difficult to estimate 27 in 2020 there were estimated to be over 1 6 million nahuatl speakers living in mexico 28 as well as several thousand nahuatl speaking immigrants from mexico living in the united states 29 in 2025 the wereldmuseum rotterdam claimed it is hard to imagine that the mexica still exist as a distinct group but aspects of mexica language and culture still remain 30 for the 2020 census the united states government recognized aztec as an ethnicity under the native american race category 387 122 people identified themselves as aztec for the census making aztecs the largest non mixed native american group in the united states 31 language edit like many of the peoples around them the mexica spoke nahuatl which with the expansion of the aztec empire became the lingua franca in other areas 32 the form of nahuatl used in the 16th century when it began to be written in the latin alphabet introduced by the spaniards became known as classical nahuatl as of 2020 nahuatl is spoken by over 1 6 million mexica and other nahua people almost 7 of whom do not speak spanish 33 notes edit smith 1997 p 4 writes for many the term aztec refers strictly to the inhabitants of tenochtitlan the mexica people or perhaps the inhabitants of the valley of mexico the highland basin where the mexica and certain other aztec groups lived i believe it makes more sense to expand the definition of aztec to include the peoples of nearby highland valleys in addition to the inhabitants of the valley of mexico in the final few centuries before the arrival of the spaniards in 1519 the peoples of this wider area all spoke the nahuatl language the language of the aztecs and they all traced their origins to a mythical place called aztlan aztlan is the origin of the term aztec a modern label that was not used by the aztecs themselves lockhart 1992 p 1 writes these people i call the nahuas a name they sometimes used themselves and the one that has become current today in mexico in preference to aztecs the latter term has several decisive disadvantages it implies a quasi national unity that did not exist it directs attention to an ephemeral imperial agglomeration it is attached specifically to the pre conquest period and by the standards of the time its use for anyone other than the mexica the inhabitants of the imperial capital tenochtitlan would have been improper even if it had been the mexica s primary designation which it was not see also edit aztlán indigenismo in mexico mexica movement mexicayotl references edit grant tracy aztec encyclopedia britannica retrieved 22 may 2025 wood stephanie ed 1990 mexica nahuatl dictionary wired humanities projects university of oregon archived from the original on 2016 12 03 retrieved august 29 2012 an indigenous reframing of the fall of the aztec empire british museum retrieved 2024 05 19 the nahuas who are the descendants of the aztecs continue to be the largest indigenous group in mexico but there are many others in mesoamerica such as the hñahñu the mixtec and the maya the aztecs the eli whitney museum and workshop www eliwhitney org retrieved 2024 03 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 frances f berdan mesoamerica mexica in encyclopedia of mexico history society culture edited by michael s werner routledge 1998 1 2 carrasco david 2012 01 26 the aztecs a very short introduction oxford university press usa p 16 isbn 978 0 19 537938 9 schroeder susan 2010 07 19 chimalpahin s conquest a nahua historian s rewriting of francisco lopez de gomara s la conquista de mexico stanford university press p 444 isbn 978 0 8047 7506 9 barlow 1949 león portilla 2000 hanson victor davis 2007 12 18 carnage and culture landmark battles in the rise to western power knopf doubleday publishing group isbn 978 0 307 42518 8 ellis elisabeth 2011 world history united states pearson education inc p 192 isbn 978 0 13 372048 8 the oxford encyclopedia of mesoamerican cultures oxford university press 2001 isbn 978 0 19 510815 6 1 2 cathy willermet et al biodistances among mexica maya toltec and totonac groups of central and coastal mexico las distancias biológicas entre los mexicas mayas toltecas y totonacas de méxico central y zona costera chungara revista de antropología chilena 45 no 3 2013 449 carrasco davíd the aztecs a very short introduction very short introductions us oxford university press 2012 p 17 eloise q keber nahua rulers pre hispanic in encyclopedia of mexico history society culture edited by michael s werner routledge 1998 1 2 peter n peregrine et al ember eds 2002 encyclopedia of prehistory volume 5 middle america 1 online resource xxix 462 pages vols boston ma springer us 33 emily umberger antiques revivals and references to the past in aztec art res anthropology and aesthetics no 13 1987 66 emily umberger tezcatlipoca and huitzilopochtli political dimensions of aztec deities in tezcatlipoca trickster and supreme deity edited by baquedano elizabeth 83 112 university press of colorado 2014 86 what the textbooks have to say about the conquest of mexico some suggestions for questions to ask of the evidence aha archived from the original on may 11 2024 retrieved 2024 04 01 springer brandon 2019 02 27 the fall of tenochtitlan part four the history of mexico medium archived from the original on dec 21 2015 retrieved 2024 04 12 altman ida 1991 spanish society in mexico city after the conquest hispanic american historical review 71 3 413 445 doi 10 1215 00182168 71 3 413 retrieved 2024 04 01 keber eloise quiñones january 1992 aztecs before and after the conquest colonial latin american review 1 1 2 223 239 doi 10 1080 10609169208569797 issn 1060 9164 sahagún florentine codex introduction and indices pp 93 94 98 callaway ewen 2017 02 01 collapse of aztec society linked to catastrophic salmonella outbreak nature 542 7642 404 bibcode 2017natur 542 404c doi 10 1038 nature 2017 21485 issn 1476 4687 pmid 28230141 modern day conquistadors the decline of nahuatl and the status of mexican bilingual education harvard international review 2022 07 27 retrieved 2024 03 29 mexicolore www mexicolore co uk retrieved 2024 04 01 ethnic identity in the 2020 mexican census www indigenousmexico org retrieved 2024 03 29 ethnic identity in the 2020 mexican census indigenous mexico retrieved 2024 04 12 nahuatl endangered language alliance retrieved 2024 03 29 frequently asked questions about the aztecs wereldmuseum retrieved 2025 05 21 census bureau releases 2020 census data for nearly 1 500 detailed race and ethnicity groups tribes and villages census gov united states census bureau retrieved 2024 03 29 susan t evans postclassic cultures of mesoamerica in encyclopedia of archaeology edited by deborah m pearsall elsevier science technology 2008 ethnic identity in the 2020 mexican census indigenous mexico retrieved 2024 04 01 sources edit andrews james richard introduction to classical nahuatl norman university of oklahoma press 2003 isbn 0 8061 3452 6 barlow robert h 1945 some remarks on the term aztec empire the americas 1 3 345 349 doi 10 2307 978159 jstor 978159 barlow robert h 1949 extent of the empire of culhua mexica university of california press berdan frances f 1998 mesoamerica mexica in werner michael s ed encyclopedia of mexico history society culture 1 ed london uk routledge isbn 9781884964312 evans susan toby 2008 postclassic cultures of mesoamerica in pearsall deborah m ed encyclopedia of archaeology 1 ed oxford uk elsevier science technology isbn 9780123739629 keber eloise quiñones 1998 nahua rulers pre hispanic in werner michael s ed encyclopedia of mexico history society culture 1 ed london uk routledge isbn 9781884964312 león portilla miguel 1992 fifteen poets of the aztec world norman oklahoma university of oklahoma press isbn 978 0 8061 2441 4 ocl...