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ophrynus dorsalis is the single living representative of the family rhinophrynidae 2 it is a unique species in its taxonomy and morphology with special adaptations to assist them in digging burrows where they spend most of their time these adaptations include a small pointed snout and face keratinized structures and a lack of webbing on front limbs and specialized tongue morphology to assist in feeding on ants and termites underground 3 the body is nearly equal in width and length it is a dark brown to black color with a red orange stripe on its back along with splotches of color on its body the generic name rhinophrynus means nose toad from rhino ῥῑνο the combining form of the ancient greek rhis ῥίς nose and phrunē φρύνη toad 4 the mexican burrowing toad diverged from other amphibians over 190 million years ago and has been evolving independently for a longer period of time than the evolutionary differences between mammals like humans fruit bats polar bears and killer whales 5 its closest sister group is pipidae or the aquatic clawed frogs description edit head of a mexican burrowing toad from belize 1 june 2015 the mexican burrowing toad has a unique appearance that makes it easy to distinguish from other organisms this species body is flat with a width and length that are almost equal it is covered in loosely fitting wrinkled skin which becomes taut and shiny when the frog s body swells up during its mating call 6 its head is small and triangular and projects out of its body in a small point with very small eyes they have no neck and no visible ear holes or tympanum 7 its legs are short and muscular and are structured for burrowing as indicated by its name its feet also have adaptations for burrowing mainly nail like keratinized structures at the end of each digit its front feet lack webbing between the digits to free them up for burrowing and its back feet are short and extensively webbed 7 the toad s coloration ranges from a dark brown to black a bright red orange stripe runs on its back from head to tail and the body is covered with other red orange splotches in varying patterns its underside is gray to dark brown and does not have the red splotches like the rest of the body the toad is sexually dimorphic with females being larger than males adults of the mexican burrowing toad grow to be between 75 and 88 mm or about 3 0 to 3 3 inches snout vent length 8 feeding specializations edit the toad s snout is covered in an armor of small keratinous spines and its lips are sealed by secretions from glands under the mandible its lips have a double closure along their maxillary arch which are enhanced by the glands under the jaw 9 morphological studies reveal that the frog has a type of tongue protrusion that is distinct from that of other frogs many other frog species project their tongues by a lingual flip a behavior where the tongue is strongly flipped through the lips and out of the mouth in this species however the tongue stiffens and protrudes out of the mouth by moving the jaw backwards 9 this mechanism is specialized for capturing small insect prey in burrows burrowing toad rhinophrynus dorsalis municipality of reynosa tamaulipas mexico 8 october 2007 distribution edit the mexican burrowing toad is found in tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest savannas and thorn scrub e g tamaulipan mezquital in the lowlands of central america mexico and extreme south texas usa due to its wide range the species is categorized as least concern by the iucn 1 but some local and regional populations are protected and listed as threatened by various governments within its distribution 10 rhinophrynus dorsalis occurs in the lower rio grande valley of south texas usa ranging southward through the costal lowlands of the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea in eastern mexico including much of the yucatán peninsula into northern guatemala belize extreme northwest honduras and an isolated record from northeast nicaragua another geographically isolated population occurs in the lowlands of the pacific coast from extreme southern michoacán mexico southward into coastal areas of guatemala el salvador nicaragua honduras and northwest costa rica 1 11 evolutionary history edit the oldest fossil of the genus is rhinophrynus canadensis known from the late eocene of saskatchewan canada other fossils are known from the oligocene of florida 12 habitat edit a mexican burrowing toad from the cayo district of belize 1 june 2015 its natural habitats include forest savanna shrubland grassland and inland wetlands it primarily inhabits lowland areas of tropical dry and moist forests it is generally associated with areas which are seasonally flooded because it relies on temporary ponds for breeding it usually remains underground in the dry season following the breeding period its eggs and larvae develop in temporary pools formed by heavy rains and the adults remain in fairly small areas 13 behavior edit this species is nocturnal these frogs make burrows to survive the dry season without suffering from lack of water 7 they use their strong short limbs and nails to dig into the soil and create burrows the frog can survive long periods of drought inside this burrow 6 when the frog is making its vocalization or when it is alarmed its body becomes inflated and resembles a balloon with its already short head and limbs almost disappearing 6 this mechanism is not deeply studied and may require more research to determine its physiology diet edit the mexican burrowing toad primarily subsists on ants and termites that they forage underground their features are specialized for underground foraging especially the way the tongue is used by shifting it forward rather than the lingual flip seen in other frogs this mode is unique among anurans and is highly specialized for capturing small insects in burrows 14 reproduction and life cycle edit this species has a characteristically short and explosive breeding period often lasting only one to three days this explosive breeding combined with the ecological condition of dry seasonal forests have influenced the evolution of their courtship behavior and male female interactions there is size sexual dimorphism in this species with females being larger than males and male male contests are largely absent during the short breeding period due to the absence of male male competition and territoriality females select their mates based on the frequency and tonality of advertisement calls the characteristics of the advertisement call can give females insight to male size which affects mating with larger females opting for larger mates over smaller ones breeding edit a recently metamorphosed mexican burrowing toad palo verde biological station costa rica breeding in this species occurs after heavy rains in small temporary pools based on costa rican populations clutch sizes range from 2 000 to 8 000 eggs 15 the mexican burrowing toads are considered explosive breeders and reproduce in a way where many individuals exit burrows at the same time to gather at temporary pools of water for breeding to occur the males then float on the surface of the water and inflate their bodies while making a characteristic call that attracts females the toad s mating periods is between one and three days one of the shortest seasons among amphibians and after this period they burrow back into the ground and remain there until the next breeding season 16 sexual maturity edit sexual maturity in the mexican burrowing toad is determined by examining testes size in males and ovarian stages in females the presence of enlarged testes and a larger body size is used to determine maturity in males and various ovarian characteristics including oviduct size and shape are used in females 17 females are most likely to be carrying eggs during may and june but reproduction can occur in october and january as well 17 in one study the clutch size ranged from 1 000 to around 8 000 eggs with larger females carrying proportionally more eggs r dorsalis will live underground for most of the year and emerges with heavy rains the males then float on the surface of water and call to females which results in amplexus after mating and laying eggs in the water the environment dries and they will burrow back into the ground 16 tadpoles hatch in a few days and transform into adults after one to three months of metamorphosis 13 female male interactions edit competition between males for females relies primarily on acoustic communication with males depending on the impressive calls they make to attract females the short breeding season imposes constraints on their courtship behavior and breeding formations because the breeding season is so short there is more incentive to spend time breeding rather than competing with other males therefore there are few antagonistic interactions between the males of this species and female choice is based on acoustic displays rather than physical competition or territory defense 18 males produce two types of mating calls during the breeding season to attract females these calls are the pre advertisement and advertisement calls in one observational study of the reproductive behavior of the mexican burrowing toad the pre advertisement call was often produced just before the advertisement call 18 the advertisement call is a single tone with an upward tone with a duration of about 1 36 seconds the pre advertisement call was a single short sound without modulation and was of higher frequency than the advertisement calls 18 the calls attract females after which the male and female will participate in amplexus in all the mating pairs of r dorsalis females mate with smaller males but large females often mate with the larger males present 18 females will inflate their bodies during breeding season which allows them to reduce the ability of smaller males to maintain amplexus conservation edit the population trend of the mexican burrowing toad is described as stable and as of 2019 it is listed as being of least concern by the iucn in mexico and central america it is widespread and locally abundant in many areas within its range the species is protected by mexican law under the special protection category 1 in the state of texas usa it is listed as a threatened species due to the extensive areas of its habitat that have been converted for agricultural uses and urban development in its limited distribution there 19 references edit 1 2 3 4 iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2020 rhinophrynus dorsalis iucn red list of threatened species 2020 e t59040a53972326 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2020 1 rlts t59040a53972326 en retrieved 25 march 2024 rhinophrynidae günther 1858 amphibian species of the world amphibiansoftheworld amnh org amphibiaweb rhinophrynidae amphibiaweb org dodd c kenneth 2013 frogs of the united states and canada vol 1 the johns hopkins university press p 20 isbn 978 1 4214 0633 6 edge amphibian species information archived from the original on 2009 08 03 retrieved 2008 08 25 1 2 3 mexican burrowing toad facts pictures video in depth information active wild 22 june 2018 1 2 3 amphibiaweb rhinophrynus dorsalis amphibiaweb org vitt laurie j caldwell janalee p 2013 herpetology an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles elsevier isbn 978 0 12 386920 3 1 2 trueb linda gans carl february 1983 feeding specializations of the mexican burrowing toad rhinophrynus dorsalis anura rhinophrynidae journal of zoology 199 2 189 208 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1983 tb02090 x hdl 2027 42 74489 zweifel richard g 1998 cogger h g zweifel r g eds encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians san diego academic press p 87 isbn 978 0 12 178560 4 fouquette martin john jr 1969 rhinophrynidae rhinophrynus r dorsalis pdf catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles 78 1 2 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link blackburn david c roberts lauren vallejo pareja maría c stanley edward l 2019 12 05 first record of the anuran family rhinophrynidae from the oligocene of eastern north america journal of herpetology 53 4 316 doi 10 1670 19 044 issn 0022 1511 1 2 beaudry brenda rhinophrynus dorsalis burrowing toad animal diversity web trueb linda gans carl february 1983 feeding specializations of the mexican burrowing toad rhinophrynus dorsalis anura rhinophrynidae journal of zoology 199 2 189 208 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 1983 tb02090 x hdl 2027 42 74489 hughes daniel f wylie daniel b july 2021 reproductive ecology of rhinophrynus dorsalis anura rhinophrynidae in méxico journal of herpetology 55 3 298 309 doi 10 1670 20 035 1 2 mexican burrowing toad rhinophrynus dorsalis at herpedia com www herpedia com 1 2 hughes daniel f wylie daniel b july 2021 reproductive ecology of rhinophrynus dorsalis anura rhinophrynidae in méxico journal of herpetology 55 3 298 309 doi 10 1670 20 035 1 2 3 4 sandoval l g barrantes d ocampo and c sánchez quirós 2015 sexual size dimorphism and acoustical features of the pre advertisement and advertisement calls of rhinophrynus dorsalis duméril bibron 1841 anura rhinophrynidae mesoamerican herpetology 2 154 166 s2cid 208303240 texas administrative code natural resources and conservation texas parks and wildlife department state listed threatened species in texas accessed nov 15 2022 permanent dead link frost darrel r 2016 rhinophrynidae günther 1859 amphibian species of the world an online reference 6 0 american museum of natural history retrieved 22 april 2016 vitt laurie j caldwell janalee p 2014 herpetology an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles 4th ed academic press p 476 wikimedia commons has media related to rhinophrynus dorsalis wikispecies has information related to rhinophrynus dorsalis taxon identifiers rhinophrynus wikidata q3429459 wikispecies rhinophrynus asw rhinophrynus bold 207510 col 78rx eol 15937 gbif old 2426368 inaturalist 26684 irmng 1112678 itis 173551 ncbi 43565 open tree of life 459015 paleobiology database 37444 rhinophrynus dorsalis wikidata q764020 wikispecies rhinophrynus dorsalis amphibiaweb 4319 asw rhinophrynus dorsalis biolib 16239 bold 207511 col 4s9ls eol 130710 gbif old 2426369 inaturalist 26686 irmng 10188957 itis 173552 iucn 59040 natureserve 2 103961 ncbi 43566 observation org 205573 open tree of life 459012 paleobiology database 108650 sealifebase 61502 retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title mexican_burrowing_toad oldid 1368671147 categories iucn red list least concern species rhinophrynidae monotypic amphibian genera frogs of north america amphibians of north america amphibians of costa rica amphibians of el salvador amphibians of honduras amphibians of mexico amphibians of nicaragua fauna of the rio grande valleys amphibians of the united states amphibians of guatemala amphibians described in 1841 taxa named by andré marie constant duméril taxa named by gabriel bibron edge species fauna of the yucatán peninsula fauna of the southern pacific dry forests hidden categories articles with short...