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el cajon valley to dona maria antonio estudillo daughter of josé antonio estudillo alcalde of san diego to repay a 500 government obligation the grant was originally called rancho santa monica and encompassed present day el cajon bostonia santee lakeside flinn springs and the eastern part of la mesa it also contained the 28 acre 0 11 km 2 rancho cañada de los coches grant maria estudillo was the wife of don miguel pedrorena 1808 1850 a native of madrid spain who had come to california from peru in 1838 to operate a trading business in 1862 the 22 acres and mission ruins were returned to the church by the u s government 27 mission san buenaventura in 1845 was rented to don jose arnaz and narciso botello and was later sold to arnaz the church clergy residence cemetery orchard and vineyard were returned to the church in 1862 and major changes done in 1893 28 29 mission santa bárbara mission santa clara de asís in 1836 the mission land was sold off but most buildings continued to be used as a parish church in 1851 the running of the church transferred from the franciscans to the jesuits the jesuits founded a college there which became santa clara university 30 mission san carlos borromeo de carmelo land was sold off in 1834 the padres had to buy a small strip of land back in order to avoid trespassing when entering the church but later all the buildings were abandoned and became ruined mission ruins and 9 acres were returned to the catholic church in 1859 31 mission san antonio de padua was put up for sale with no bids but with the fear of being sold the mission started to fall into neglect father doroteo ambris a young priest from mexico started to live at the mission with a few natives in 1851 on 31 may 1863 the mission was returned to the church with 33 acres by an order signed by abraham lincoln 32 mission san gabriel arcángel was sold to american settlers and the funds were used to pay off governor pico s debt the mission was returned to the franciscans in 1843 33 mission san luis obispo de tolosa was sold in 1845 by pico everything except the church chapel was sold for a total of 510 valued at 70 000 in 1845 the mission was returned in 1859 34 mission san francisco de asís had the mission lands sold off in 1845 the mission quadrangle buildings and courtyard were sold or leased to businesses the mission was thus maintained and in 1857 returned 35 mission santa barbara in 1835 all the land was sold or given away but the mission buildings remained under the control of the catholic church and became a parish church thus on august 17 1833 father presidente narciso durán transferred the missions headquarters to santa barbara making mission santa barbara the repository of some 3 000 original documents that had been scattered throughout the california missions 36 mission santa cruz land was sold or given away in 1834 all 32 building looted and the church left in ruin president buchanan in 1859 returned mission santa cruz and 17 acres to the church 37 the ruins of mission la purísima concepción near lompoc california c 1900 la purisima mission in 1845 all land and buildings were sold the church turned to ruins over time the ruins were returned to the church in 1874 38 mission san josé was sold to private interests in 1845 for 12 000 all buildings decayed and the land was not put to use native people who were to get the land had fled and found themselves unable to readjust to their former way of life in 1858 the mission ruins and 28 acres of land were returned 39 mission san juan bautista the land was sold off but the nearby town of san juan supported the church so it did not fall into decay thus services continued without interruption in 1859 the remaining buildings and 55 acres of land were given back 40 mission san miguel arcángel had its land sold off the william reed family lived in the buildings until 1848 then the mission was closed and began to decay in 1859 the mission ruins were returned but no priest was sent to the ruins in 1878 the catholic church sent priests and restoration started 41 42 mission san fernando rey de españa had its land sold off in 1834 mission buildings were used as military headquarters including governor pico and john c frémont in 1861 the mission buildings and 75 acres of land were returned the buildings were disintegrating as beams tiles and nails were taken from the church by settlers the buildings had been leased to a number of businesses and the premises served as a hog farm san fernando s church did not become a working church again till 1923 43 mission san luis rey de francia was sold in 1834 to private owners but in 1846 it was occupied by u s army troops under captain frémont some mission buildings in poor shape and 65 acres of land were returned in 1865 44 mission santa inés land was sold off in 1836 with some buildings rented out by the government the mission had been divided with priests living in part and maintaining a chapel late in 1843 the governor gave 350 000 acres to bishop francisco garcía diego to start the college of our lady of refuge the first college in california in 1846 the college moved to a new site and the land was sold the college was abandoned in 1881 and by then the mission buildings were disintegrating some of the mission property was returned to the church in 1862 45 san rafael arcángel restored church on the left mission san rafael arcángel was looted by governor mariano vallejo the commandant of the san francisco presidio vallejo took much of the livestock equipment and supplies and some of the fruit trees to his ranch in nearby sonoma the mission had been abandoned by 1844 the empty buildings were sold for 8 000 in 1846 the empty mission was used shortly by john c fremont as his headquarters six and a half acres of land were returned in 1855 all in ruins rather than rebuild in 1861 the mission ruins were sold to a carpenter who demolished the church ruins in 1869 the land was purchased back and a new gothic architecture church was built on the site 46 mission san francisco solano the last and northernmost mission was also the only one built after mexican independence the governor wanted a mexican presence north of the san francisco bay to keep out the russians who had established fort ross 47 in july 1835 mission san francisco solano was taken over by general mariano guadalupe vallejo the commissioner of the lands at the age of 27 at first he gave some of the lands to the native mission workers as ordered but later he transferred all the land and buildings to his own rancho petaluma adobe of 44 000 acres in the petaluma valley vallejo laid out the town of sonoma in 1835 he had a large plaza made in front of the old mission chapel but he then took roof tiles from the church and put them on his own house now in very poor shape the mission church was torn down in need of a church for the town he made in 1841 vallejo had a small chapel built where the original parish church had been on june 14 1846 the town of sonoma was taken over by american settlers who declared a california republic general vallejo was taken prisoner and the bear flag was raised the bear flag flew over sonoma until july 9 1846 when california became part of usa 48 sub missions also lost edit ruins of the walls of sub mission santa margarita in 1906 in addition to the 21 main missions there were sub missions to serve as a rest stop for those travelling the el camino real road connecting the missions these small sub missions were also lost santa ysabel asistencia was turned into rancho santa ysabel ortega the church turned into ruins three acres of the original compound was returned to the church the cornerstone for a new mission revival style chapel was laid on september 14 1924 rear of bell tower at mission asistencia of san antonio at pala c 1888 1903 san antonio de pala asistencia and las flores estancia pico sold off all of the holdings to antonio j cot and josé a pico on may 18 1846 the church remained open but on christmas day 1899 the san jacinto earthquake shook the pala valley causing the roof over the church sanctuary to collapse 49 in 1902 a group named the landmarks club of southern california under the direction of american journalist historian and photographer charles fletcher lummis purchased pala mission the following year the club returned ownership to the catholic church and saved the chapel and a few rooms from complete ruin with a timely work of partial restoration 50 santa margarita de cortona asistencia was sold to rancho santa margarita a few ruins are still on the private property of the santa margarita ranch san pedro y san pablo asistencia was sold to rancho san pedro sanchez today little remains there is a plaque in sanchez adobe park that shows the former asistencia s floor plan san bernardino de sena estancia sold to rancho san bernardino is today called asistencia and operated as a branch of the san bernardino county museum 51 diego sepúlveda adobe sold to rancho santiago de santa ana is now a local history museum operated by the costa mesa historical society 52 las flores estancia was sold to rancho santa margarita y las flores all original buildings are gone after years of neglect the current las flores adobe was built in 1865 by marco forster 53 nuestra señora reina de los ángeles asistencia was a sub mission opened by the san gabriel mission to serve the new settlers in the new el pueblo de nuesta señora reina de los ángeles as the town grew it built its own parish church which is today known as the old plaza church then called la iglesia de nuestra señora la reina de los ángeles with mexican secularization the ángeles asistencia came in disuse and neglect there is little physical record of the ángeles asistencia remaining today 54 55 the local populations increasingly resented the appointed california governors sent from distant mexico city who came with little knowledge of local conditions and concerns the friction came to a head in 1836 when monterey born juan bautista alvarado led a revolt and seized the governorship from nicolás gutiérrez alvarado s actions began a period of de facto home rule in which the weak and fractious central government was forced to allow more autonomy in its most distant department other local governors followed including carlos antonio carrillo alvarado himself for a second time and pío pico the last non californian governor manuel micheltorena was driven out after another rebellion in 1845 micheltorena was replaced by pío pico last mexican governor of california who served until 1846 rancho period edit main article ranchos of california it was not until the california mexican era 1821 1846 that the titles to the plots of land were granted to individuals california now under the control of the mexican government opened up petitions for land grants by 1828 the rules for establishing land grants were codified in the mexican reglamento regulation the acts broke the large landholding of the missions and paved the way for attracting more settlers to california by making land grants easier to obtain the procedure included a diseño a hand drawn topological map to define the area 56 the mexican governors of alta california gained the power to grant state lands and many of the spanish concessions were subsequently patented under mexican law frequently to local friends of the governor a commissioner would oversee the mission s crops and herds while the land was divided up as communal pasture a town plot and individual plots for each indian family without the control enforced by the franciscan friars and the troops preventing them from leaving the mission indians soon abandoned the fields even if granted and joined other interior tribes or sought work on the new ranchos and expanding pueblos the number of mexican land grants greatly increased after the secularization of the missions in 1834 although the original intent of the secularization legislation was to have the property divided among former surviving mission indians most of the grants were made to local californios see list of ranchos of california a small number of indians did receive land grants in the 1840s but all were lost by the 1850s statehood edit the united states us declared war against mexico on may 13 1846 military action in california began with the bear flag revolt on june 15 1846 on july 7 1846 us forces took possession of monterey the capital of california and terminated the authority and jurisdiction of mexican officials that day 57 armed resistance ended in california with the treaty of cahuenga signed on january 13 1847 the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo ending the war was signed february 2 1848 and california became a territory of the united states the treaty gave residents one year to choose whether they wanted american or mexican citizenship over 90 chose american citizenship which included full us voting rights the other 10 returned to mexico where they received land or in some cases in new mexico were allowed to remain in place as mexican citizens 58 59 between 1847 and 1849 california was run by the u s military a constitutional convention met in monterey in september 1849 and set up a state government it operated for 10 months before california was admitted to the union as the 31st state by congress as part of the compromise of 1850 enacted on september 9 1850 the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo provided that the mexican land grants would be honored in order to investigate and confirm titles in california american officials acquired the provincial records of the spanish and mexican governments in monterey 60 61 in 1851 the united states congress passed an act to ascertain and settle private land claims in the state of california sponsored by california senator william m gwin the act required all holders of spanish and mexican land grants to present their titles for confirmation before the board of california land commissioners 62 contrary to the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo this act placed the burden of proof of title on landholders 63 in many cases the land grants had been made without clearly defining the exact boundaries even in cases where the boundaries were more specific many markers had been destroyed before accurate surveys could be made aside from indefinite survey lines the land commission had to determine whether the grantees had fulfilled the requirements of the mexican colonization laws while the land commission confirmed 604 of the 813 claims it reviewed most decisions were appealed to us district court and some to the supreme court 64 the confirmation process required lawyers translators and surveyors and took an average of 17 years with american civil war 1861 1865 to resolve it proved expensive for landholders to defend their titles through the court system in many cases they had to sell their land to pay for defense fees or gave attorneys land in lieu of payment 65 66 land from titles not confirmed became part of the public domain and a...