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sanski català čeština deutsch zazaki ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego 客家語 hak kâ ngî עברית hrvatski magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ქართული 한국어 latina lietuvių македонски nederlands norsk bokmål polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski svenska tagalog türkçe українська اردو tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia byzantine emperor from 811 to 813 michael i rangabe emperor of the romans michael i as depicted in the 12th century madrid skylitzes byzantine emperor reign 2 october 811 11 july 813 coronation 2 october 811 hagia sophia predecessor staurakios successor leo v co emperors theophylact 811 813 staurakios 811 811 2 3 born c 770 died 11 january 844 aged 73 prote island now kınalıada turkey burial church on prote island transferred to the monastery of satyros 1 spouse prokopia issue georgo theophylaktos niketas staurakios theophano names michael rangabe dynasty nikephorian father theophylact rhangabe nikephorian dynasty chronology nikephoros i 802 811 with staurakios 803 811 staurakios 811 michael i 811 813 with theophylact and staurakios 811 813 succession preceded by isaurian dynasty followed by leo v and the amorian dynasty v t e michael i rangabe also spelled rhangabe greek μιχαὴλ αʹ ῥαγκαβές romanized mikhaḗl 1 rhangkabés c 770 11 january 844 was byzantine emperor from 811 to 813 a courtier of emperor nikephoros i r 802 811 he survived the disastrous campaign against the bulgars and was preferred as imperial successor over staurakios r 811 811 who was severely injured he was proclaimed emperor by patriarch nicephorus i of constantinople on 2 october 811 michael s policies were generally conciliatory and he was overwhelmingly influenced by the iconodule clerics nikephoros and theodore the stoudite he improved relations with the franks even to the point of recognising charlemagne as an emperor although not of the romans and requesting papal arbitration in the moechian controversy his half hearted leadership of the campaign against the bulgars resulted in defeat in the battle of versinikia the stratēgos of the anatolic theme leo the armenian a popular and successful general abandoned michael on the battlefield but was proclaimed emperor by the military in what was the last military overthrow of an emperor in byzantine history michael was pressured to abdicate and he retired to a monastery his sons were castrated to prevent the continuation of his dynasty biography edit coronation of michael i and his son theophylact left upon a shield from the 12th century madrid skylitzes probably drawn from an earlier unrelated source 2 3 byzantines and bulgars clash at versinikia in 813 solidus of michael i rangabe and his son theophylact michael was the son of the patrician theophylact rhangabe the admiral of the aegean fleet 4 the rangabe family was of greek origin 5 he married prokopia the daughter of the future emperor nikephoros i 6 and received the high court dignity of kouropalates after his father in law s accession in 802 michael survived nikephoros i s disastrous campaign against khan krum of bulgaria and was considered a more appropriate candidate for the throne than his severely injured brother in law staurakios who was proclaimed emperor by the military in the hope that he would recover when michael s wife prokopia failed to persuade her brother staurakios who wanted to have him blinded to name michael as his successor a group of senior officials the magistros theoktistos domestic of the schools stephen and patriarch nicephorus i of constantinople forced staurakios to abdicate in his favour on 2 october 811 michael was proclaimed emperor before the senate and the tagmata 7 6 8 michael i attempted to carry out a policy of reconciliation abandoning the exacting taxation instituted by nikephoros i while reducing imperial income michael generously distributed money to the army the bureaucracy and the church 9 ruling with the support of the iconodule party in the church michael i diligently persecuted the iconoclasts and forced patriarch nicephorus i to back down in his dispute with theodore the stoudite the influential abbot of the monastery of stoudios he revoked the exile of theodore the stoudites effected by emperor nikephoros i and theodore became his close confidant 7 michael i s piety won him a very positive estimation in the work of the chronicler theophanes the confessor theophanes also mentions the existence of a group of heretics known as athinganoi in phrygia who were most likely the successors of the montanists who emperor leo iii the isaurian r 717 741 attempted to convert by force as well as of the paulicians patriarch nicephorus i pressed michael i to organise the persecution and execution of the athinganoi paulicians and iconoclast abbots 10 but when nicephorus i insisted the heretics be given time to repent michael i halted the killings 3 in 812 michael reopened negotiations with the franks and recognized charlemagne as imperator and basileus emperor but not emperor of the romans a in exchange for that recognition venice and istria were returned to the empire michael i sent ambassadors to negotiate a marriage alliance between michael s son theophylact and a frankish princess they also brought a letter from patriarch nicephorus i requesting papal arbitration on the issue of the moechian controversy pope leo iii resolved the issue in favour of theodore the stoudites who claimed that as emperors were bound by canon law constantine vi s second marriage was illicit which was the view of empress irene against emperor nikephoros the pope s judgment was treated as the formal closing of the affair 11 12 13 there were also minor successes against the arabs in the anatolic theme under its stratēgos leo the armenian another figure exiled by nikephoros and recalled by michael however michael dealt with the bulgars poorly during his reign in 812 khan krum besieged the frontier town of develtos in thrace and michael was too late to prevent its surrender his soldiers mutinied and people in western thrace began to flee their homes some soldiers of the tagmata tried to proclaim the blinded sons of constantine v as emperors but michael dismissed them in disgrace the bulgars nevertheless managed to capture almost all of the fortified towns on the byzantine bulgarian border that were built and consolidated by empress irene and emperors constantine vi and nikephoros in the previous decades michael was convinced by nikephoros and theodore to reject the peace terms offered by krum which involved the return of christians who fled from bulgarian territory provoking the capture of mesembria nesebar by the bulgars the last border stronghold executing all captives who refused to renounce christianity michael i s army prepared for a major engagement at versinikia near adrianople but delayed his attack leading to further discontent in the military in june he began the attack but appeared hesitant leo the armenian fled halfway through the battle causing a rout this prompted suspicion of treachery however leo was acclaimed emperor with the support of his soldiers once he arrived in constantinople michael i was pressured to retire to a monastery leo was crowned by patriarch nicephorus i on 12 july 813 6 14 15 with conspiracy in the air michael i preempted events by abdicating on 11 july 813 in favour of leo the armenian and becoming a monk under the name athanasios 16 6 his sons were castrated to end the dynasty and were relegated to monasteries 16 with one of them niketas renamed ignatios eventually becoming ecumenical patriarch of constantinople 17 michael i died on 11 january 844 18 numismatics edit the numismatic record of michael s reign begins after his son s coronation as co emperor in 811 with new nomismata struck bearing michael i on the obverse and theophylact son of michael i on the reverse the miliarēsion which had not been struck since the reign of constantine vi r 780 797 was revived by michael i with a notable alteration the imperial title basileis was expanded to basileis romaion emperors of the romans seemingly in response to pope leo iii s coronation of charlemagne as emperor in 800 19 assessment and legacy edit the reigns of the iconoclast emperors leo iii the isaurian r 717 741 and constantine v r 741 775 were militarily successful and saw the abatement of the arab and bulgar threat according to the iconodule patriarch nicephorus i of constantinople leo iii the isaurian propaganda ascribed both their military successes and longevity to their iconoclasm the validity of iconoclasm was only confirmed by the military disasters under the iconodule emperors michael i and his predecessor nikephoros i r 802 811 as well as the success of the iconoclast leo v the armenian r 813 820 against the bulgars 20 michael i was in general a weak emperor whose policies were formed in mere reaction to outside pressures 21 warren treadgold describes him as amiable to a fault lacking in judgment and easily led dithering seeming to have done whatever he had been told most recently 22 he was also the last byzantine emperor to be overthrown by the military which is ironic given its increased strength in succeeding centuries 23 in 813 carolingian emperor charlemagne crowned his son louis the pious co emperor in a manner resembling michael i s crowning of his own son theophylact in 811 this was likely because of the byzantine practice of inviting foreign ambassadors to witness state rituals accepting one such invitation hugh of tours count of tours and haito bishop of basel were present for michael i s crowning of his son and so probably returned to the frankish court with knowledge of byzantine ceremonies 24 family edit by his wife prokopia michael i had at least five children georgo a daughter became a nun after 813 25 theophylact crowned co emperor on christmas 811 became a monk after 813 26 niketas became a monk after 813 later patriarch ignatios of constantinople c 798 877 17 staurakios crowned co emperor on christmas 811 pre deceased his father s abdication circumstances unknown 27 theophano a daughter became a nun after 813 28 gallery edit the armies of michael i below and krum above prepare for battle after negotiations failed michael i abdicates the throne to leo v the armenian from the 16th century facial chronicle depiction of michael i in the 15th century mutinensis gr 122 notes and references edit notes edit eum imperatorem et basileum appellantes cf royal frankish annals a 812 references edit pbw michael 7 tsamakda 2002 pp 43 47 1 2 treadgold 1997 p 430 venning 2006 p 218 vasiliev 1958 p 271 1 2 3 4 bradbury 2004 p 64 1 2 brubaker haldon 2011 p 362 treadgold 1997 p 429 ostrogorsky 1986 p 197 auzépy 2008 pp 288 289 brubaker haldon 2011 pp 360 362 363 eichmann 1942 p 33 canning 1996 p 70 brubaker haldon 2011 pp 362 365 treadgold 1997 pp 430 431 1 2 luttwak 2009 p 182 1 2 bury 1912 p 14 joseph genesius 1998 p 8 brubaker haldon 2011 p 355 auzépy 2008 p 282 brubaker haldon 2011 p 364 treadgold 1997 p 429 543 treadgold 1997 p 543 mccormick 2008 pp 424 425 pbw georgo 1 pbw theophylaktos 9 pbw staurakios 12 pbw theophano 2 sources edit primary edit joseph genesius 1998 10th century genesios on the reigns of the emperors translation and commentary translated by kaldellis anthony brill secondary edit auzépy marie france 2008 state of emergency 700 850 in shepard jonathan ed the cambridge history of the byzantine empire c 500 1492 cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 83231 1 bradbury jim 2004 the routledge companion to medieval warfare routledge brubaker leslie haldon john 2011 byzantium in the iconoclast era c 680 850 cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 43093 7 bury john bagnell 1912 a history of the eastern roman empire from the fall of irene to the accession of basil i 802 867 macmillan publishers canning joseph 1996 a history of medieval political thought 300 1450 routledge eichmann eduard 1942 die kaiserkrönung im abendland ein beitrag zur geistesgeschichte des mittelalters mit besonderer berücksichtigung des kirchlichen rechte der liturgie und der kirchenpolitik echter verlag p 33 luttwak edward n 2009 the grand strategy of the byzantine empire harvard university press mccormick michael 2008 western approaches 700 900 in shepard jonathan ed the cambridge history of the byzantine empire c 500 1492 cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 83231 1 martindale john robert 2001 prosopography of the byzantine empire isbn 978 1897747322 ostrogorsky george 1986 history of the byzantine state rutgers university press treadgold warren 1997 a history of the byzantine state and society stanford california stanford university press isbn 0 8047 2630 2 tsamakda vasiliki 2002 the illustrated chronicle of ioannes skylitzes in madrid leiden alexandros isbn 978 9080647626 vasiliev aleksandr aleksandrovich 1958 history of the byzantine empire 324 1453 university of wisconsin press venning t ed 2006 a chronology of the byzantine empire palgrave macmillan further reading edit gregory t 2005 a history of byzantium blackwell history of the ancient world wiley blackwell kazhdan alexander 1991 michael i rangabe the oxford dictionary of byzantium oxford university press p 1362 isbn 0195046528 see also edit byzantine empire portal list of byzantine emperors michael i rangabe nikephorian dynasty born c 770 died 11 january 844 regnal titles preceded by staurakios byzantine emperor 2 october 811 11 july 813 with theophylact and staurakios son of michael i succeeded by leo v political offices preceded by nikephoros i in 803 then lapsed roman consul 803 succeeded by lapsed leo v in 814 v t e roman and byzantine emperors and empresses regnant principate 27 bc ad 235 augustus tiberius caligula claudius nero galba otho vitellius vespasian titus domitian nerva trajan hadrian antoninus pius marcus aurelius lucius verus commodus pertinax didius julianus septimius severus caracalla geta macrinus w diadumenian elagabalus severus alexander crisis 235 284 maximinus i gordian i gordian ii pupienus balbinus gordian iii philip i w philip ii decius w herennius etruscus licinian trebonianus gallus w hostilian volusianus aemilianus silbannacus valerian gallienus w saloninus claudius ii quintillus aurelian tacitus florianus probus carus carinus numerian later roman empire 284 641 diocletian maximian galerius constantius i severus ii constantine i maxentius domitius alexander licinius maximinus ii valerius valens martinian constantine ii constantius ii constans i magnen...