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microvillus wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 structure 2 locations 3 relationship to cell 4 function toggle function subsection 4 1 glycocalyx 5 clinical significance toggle clinical significance subsection 5 1 destruction 6 see also 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents microvillus 27 languages العربية বাংলা català čeština deutsch español فارسی suomi français galego hrvatski italiano 日本語 қазақша lietuvių nederlands polski português română русский simple english slovenščina svenska türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia microscopic protrusion of a cell membrane that increases surface area substantially microvillus enterocytes with microvilli details identifiers latin microvillus mesh d008871 th h1 00 01 1 01011 fma 67296 anatomical terms of microanatomy edit on wikidata this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources microvillus news newspapers books scholar jstor march 2024 learn how and when to remove this message microvilli sing microvillus are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any increase in volume 1 and are involved in a wide variety of functions including absorption secretion cellular adhesion and mechanotransduction structure edit microvilli are covered in plasma membrane which encloses cytoplasm and microfilaments though these are cellular extensions there are little or no cellular organelles present in the microvilli each microvillus has a dense bundle of cross linked actin filaments which serves as its structural core 20 to 30 tightly bundled actin filaments are cross linked by bundling proteins fimbrin or plastin 1 villin and espin to form the core of the microvilli in the enterocyte microvillus the structural core is attached to the plasma membrane along its length by lateral arms made of myosin 1a and ca 2 binding protein calmodulin myosin 1a functions through a binding site for filamentous actin on one end and a lipid binding domain on the other the plus ends of the actin filaments are located at the tip of the microvillus and are capped possibly by capz proteins 2 while the minus ends are anchored in the terminal web composed of a complicated set of proteins including spectrin and myosin ii the space between microvilli at a cell s surface is called the intermicrovillous space intermicrovillous space increases with contractile activity of myosin ii and tropomyosin and decreases when contraction ceases locations edit thousands of microvilli form a structure called the brush border that is found on the apical surface of some epithelial cells such as the small intestines microvilli should not be confused with intestinal villi which are made of many cells each of these cells has many microvilli microvilli are observed on the plasma surface of eggs aiding in the anchoring of sperm cells that have penetrated the extracellular coat of egg cells clustering of elongated microtubules around a sperm allows for it to be drawn closer and held firmly so fusion can occur they are large objects that increase surface area for absorption microvilli are also of importance on the cell surface of white blood cells as they aid in the migration of white blood cells relationship to cell edit microvilli are formed as cell extensions from the plasma membrane surface actin filaments present in the cytosol are most abundant near the cell surface these filaments are thought to determine the shape and movement of the plasma membrane the nucleation of actin fibers occurs as a response to external stimuli allowing a cell to alter its shape to suit a particular situation this could account for the uniformity of the microvilli which are observed to be of equal length and diameter this nucleation process occurs from the minus end allowing rapid growth from the plus end though the length and composition of microvilli is consistent within a certain group of homogenous cells it can differ slightly in a different part of the same organism for example the microvilli in the small and large intestines in mice are slightly different in length and amount of surface coat covering 3 function edit microvilli function as the primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract because of this vital function the microvillar membrane is packed with enzymes that aid in the breakdown of complex nutrients into simpler compounds that are more easily absorbed for example enzymes that digest carbohydrates called glycosidases are present at high concentrations on the surface of enterocyte microvilli thus microvilli not only increase the cellular surface area for absorption they also increase the number of digestive enzymes that can be present on the cell surface microvilli are also present on immune cells allowing the immune cells to sense features on the surface of pathogens and other antigen presenting cells 4 glycocalyx edit the microvilli are covered with glycocalyx consisting of peripheral glycoproteins that can attach themselves to a plasma membrane via transmembrane proteins this layer may be used to aid binding of substances needed for uptake to adhere nutrients or as protection against harmful elements it can be another location for functional enzymes to be localized clinical significance edit destruction edit the destruction of microvilli can occur in certain diseases because of the rearrangement of cytoskeleton in host cell this is seen in infections caused by epec subgroup escherichia coli in celiac disease and microvillus inclusion disease 5 an inherited disease characterized by defective microvilli and presence of cytoplasmic inclusions of the cell membrane other than the apical surface the destruction of microvilli can actually be beneficial sometimes as in the case of elimination of microvilli on white blood cells which can be used to combat auto immune diseases 6 congenital lack of microvilli in the intestinal tract causes microvillus atrophy a rare usually fatal condition found in new born babies see also edit chorionic villi brush border cilia flagellum intestinal villus stereocilia terminal web references edit krause j william july 2005 krause s essential human histology for medical students universal publishers pp 37 isbn 978 1 58112 468 2 retrieved 25 november 2010 the cytoskeleton cytoskeleton in specialized tissues and in pathological states edited by je hesketh and if pryme elsevier 1996isbn 1559386894 9781559386890 vol3 pp371 m1 permanent dead link mukherjee t williams a 1967 a comparative study of the ultrastructure of microvilli in the epithelium of small and large intestine of mice j cell biol 34 2 447 61 doi 10 1083 jcb 34 2 447 pmc 2107317 pmid 6035639 link archived april 6 2008 at the wayback machine aramesh morteza stoycheva diana sandu ioana ihle stephan j zünd tamara shiu jau ye forró csaba asghari mohammad bernero margherita lickert sebastian oxenius annette 2021 10 05 nanoconfinement of microvilli alters gene expression and boosts t cell activation proceedings of the national academy of sciences 118 40 e2107535118 bibcode 2021pnas 11807535a doi 10 1073 pnas 2107535118 issn 0027 8424 pmc 8501847 pmid 34599101 malathy kapali md ronald jaffe md and rocco m agostini jr b sc final diagnosis microvillus inclusion disease final diagnosis case 163 archived from the original on 1999 10 06 retrieved 2006 02 19 shattuck t 2004 cells studied for immune function cells studied for immune function archived from the original on 2016 08 20 retrieved 2006 02 19 external links edit anatomy photo termscells tissues structures microvilli comparative organology at university of california davis histology image 21904loa histology learning system at boston university ultrastructure of the cell microvilli and basal enfoldings endocytic vesicles histology image 20601loa histology learning system at boston university ultrastructure of the cell microvillous border and junctional complex oblique section v t e proteins of epithelium lateral cell cell cell adhesion molecules adherens junction cadherin desmosome desmoglein ion channels gap junction connexon connexin cytoskeleton desmosome desmoplakin plakoglobin tonofibril other membrane proteins tight junction claudin occludin marveld2 basal cell matrix basal lamina hemidesmosome tonofibril focal adhesion costamere apical cilia kinocilium microvilli stereocilia strc v t e anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract excluding the mouth upper pharynx muscles spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral pterygomandibular raphe pharyngeal raphe buccopharyngeal fascia pharyngobasilar fascia pyriform sinus esophagus sphincters upper lower glands crop stomach curvatures greater lesser angular incisure cardia body fundus pylorus gastric mucosa gastric folds microanatomy gastric pits gastric glands cardiac glands fundic glands pyloric glands foveolar cells parietal cells gastric chief cells enterochromaffin like cells lower small intestine microanatomy intestinal villi microvilli intestinal glands enterocytes enteroendocrine cells goblet cells paneth cells duodenum suspensory muscle major duodenal papilla minor duodenal papilla duodenojejunal flexure brunner s glands jejunum no substructures ileum ileocecal valve peyer s patches microfold cells large intestine cecum appendix colon ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix rectum transverse folds ampulla anal canal anus anal columns anal valves anal sinuses pectinate line internal anal sphincter anocutaneous line external anal sphincter wall serosa adventitia subserosa muscular layer submucosa circular folds mucosa muscularis mucosa retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title microvillus oldid 1377214937 categories epithelial cells actin based structures small intestine microvilli hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata articles needing additional references from march 2024 all articles needing additional references all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from november 2016 articles with permanently dead external links webarchive template wayback links this page was last edited on 28 september 2026 at 09 49 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents microvillus 27 languages add topic